Docsity
Docsity
Prepara tus exámenes
Prepara tus exámenes

Prepara tus exámenes y mejora tus resultados gracias a la gran cantidad de recursos disponibles en Docsity

Consigue puntos base para descargar
Consigue puntos base para descargar

Gana puntos ayudando a otros estudiantes o consíguelos activando un Plan Premium

Orientación Universidad
Orientación Universidad
Vende en Docsity
Vende en Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Inicia sesiónRegístrate

Prepara tus exámenes

Prepara tus exámenes y mejora tus resultados gracias a la gran cantidad de recursos disponibles en Docsity

Busca documentos

Prepara tus exámenes con los documentos que comparten otros estudiantes como tú en Docsity

Busca tu universidad

Encuentra los documentos específicos para los exámenes de tu universidad

Video Cursos

Estudia con lecciones y exámenes resueltos basados en los programas académicos de las mejores universidades

Quiz

Responde a preguntas de exámenes reales y pon a prueba tu preparación

Docsity AINEW

Resume tus documentos, hazles preguntas, conviértelos en quiz y mapas conceptuales

Ver preguntas

Despeja tus dudas leyendo las respuestas a las preguntas que realizaron otros estudiantes como tú

Consigue puntos base para descargar

Gana puntos ayudando a otros estudiantes o consíguelos activando un Plan Premium

Compartir documentos
download point icon20 Puntos

Por cada documento subido

Responde a las preguntas
download point icon5 Puntos

por cada respuesta dada (máx. 1 al día)

Todos los modos para conseguir puntos gratis
Consigue puntos de inmediato

Elige un plan Premium con todos los puntos que necesitas.

Oportunidades de estudio

Elige tu próximo programa de estudio

Ponte en contacto inmediatamente con las mejores universidades del mundo. Busca entre miles de universidades en todo el mundo. Busca entre miles de universidades partner oficiales

Comunidad

Pregúntale a la comunidad

Pide ayuda a la comunidad y resuelve tus dudas de estudio

Ebooks gratuitos

¡Nuestros e-books salva-estudiantes!

Descarga nuestras guías gratuitas sobre técnicas de estudio, métodos para controlar la ansiedad y consejos para la tesis preparadas por los tutores de Docsity

oxford journals, Apuntes de Historia

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Historia

Asignatura: historia, Profesor: isatrollium isatrollium, Carrera: Sociología, Universidad: UCM

Tipo: Apuntes

2013/2014

Subido el 22/06/2014

isagil792
isagil792 🇪🇸

1 documento

1 / 15

Toggle sidebar

Esta página no es visible en la vista previa

¡No te pierdas las partes importantes!

bg1
•Oxford Journals
•Medicine
•European Journal of Orthodontics
•Volume 34, Issue 1
•Pp. 96-101
• Influence of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer treatment on the perioral and masticatory muscles
in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion
• Tancan Uysal*,**,
• Ahmet Yagci*,
• Sadik Kara*** and
• Sukru Okkesim***
• + Author Affiliations
• *Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
• **Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
• ***Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
• Correspondence to: Dr Tancan Uysal, Erciyes Universitesi, Dis Hekimligi Fakultesi,
Ortodonti AD, Melikgazi, Kayseri 38039, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]
•
• Next Section
• Abstract
• The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the effects of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer
(POT) appliance on the anterior temporal, mental, orbicularis oris, and masseter
muscles through electromyography (EMG) evaluations in subjects with Class II
division 1 malocclusion and incompetent lips. Twenty patients (mean age: 9.8 ± 2.2
years) with a Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated with POT (Myofunctional
Research Co., Queensland, Australia). A group of 15 subjects (mean age: 9.2 ± 0.9
years) with untreated Class II division 1 malocclusions was used as a control. EMG
recordings of treatment group were taken at the beginning and at the end of the POT
therapy (mean treatment period: 7.43 ± 1.06 months). Follow-up records of the control
group were taken after 8 months of the first records. Recordings were taken during
different oral functions: clenching, sucking, and swallowing. Statistical analyses were
undertaken with Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U-tests. During the POT treatment,
activity of anterior temporal, mental, and masseter muscles was decreased and
orbicularis oris activity was increased during clenching and these differences were
found statistically significant when compared to control. Orbicularis oris activity during
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff

Vista previa parcial del texto

¡Descarga oxford journals y más Apuntes en PDF de Historia solo en Docsity!

  • Oxford Journals
  • Medicine
  • European Journal of Orthodontics
  • Volume 34, Issue 1
  • Pp. 96-
  • Influence of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer treatment on the perioral and masticatory muscles in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion
  • Tancan Uysal,*,
  • Ahmet Yagci*,
  • Sadik Kara*** and
  • Sukru Okkesim***
    • Author Affiliations
  • *Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
  • **Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • ***Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • Correspondence to: Dr Tancan Uysal, Erciyes Universitesi, Dis Hekimligi Fakultesi, Ortodonti AD, Melikgazi, Kayseri 38039, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]
  • Next Section
  • Abstract
  • The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the effects of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer (POT) appliance on the anterior temporal, mental, orbicularis oris, and masseter muscles through electromyography (EMG) evaluations in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion and incompetent lips. Twenty patients (mean age: 9.8 ± 2. years) with a Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated with POT (Myofunctional Research Co., Queensland, Australia). A group of 15 subjects (mean age: 9.2 ± 0. years) with untreated Class II division 1 malocclusions was used as a control. EMG recordings of treatment group were taken at the beginning and at the end of the POT therapy (mean treatment period: 7.43 ± 1.06 months). Follow-up records of the control group were taken after 8 months of the first records. Recordings were taken during different oral functions: clenching, sucking, and swallowing. Statistical analyses were undertaken with Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U-tests. During the POT treatment, activity of anterior temporal, mental, and masseter muscles was decreased and orbicularis oris activity was increased during clenching and these differences were found statistically significant when compared to control. Orbicularis oris activity during

sucking was increased in the treatment group (P < 0.05). In the control group, significant changes were determined for anterior temporal (P < 0.05) and masseter (P < 0.01) muscle at clenching and orbicularis oris (P < 0.05) muscle at swallowing during observation period. Present findings indicated that treatment with POT appliance showed a positive influence on the masticatory and perioral musculature.

  • Previous SectionNext Section
  • Introduction
  • The influence of myofunctional habits like abnormal lip and tongue function on craniofacial development and orthodontic problems has been regularly reported in publications. Various appliances have been used for the treatment of this problem ( Walpole Day et al., 1949; Massler, 1952; Tallgren et al., 1998; Schievano et al., 1999; Quadrelli et al., 2001, 2002; Usumez et al., 2004). The main reason for using myofunctional appliances has been to establish muscular balance, eliminate oral dysfunction, and correct or reduce maxillary incisor protrusion/proclination (Tallgren et al., 1998). The growth and development of craniofacial structures and the influence of the perioral muscles on the position of teeth have been discussed very extensively, but many questions are still unanswered, notably with regard to muscular behaviour during various orthodontic treatment methods (Stavridi and Ahlgren, 1992).
  • The clinical use of electromyography (EMG) for orthodontic diagnosis and for treatment planning has been suggested (Grossman et al., 1961). The EMG was used to evaluate masticatory movements in children, with special reference to occlusion (Ahlgren, 1966), and the actions of masticator muscles and association with facial morphology were investigated (Möller, 1966). In both research and clinical studies, surface EMG has been utilized to aid in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of muscle hyperactivity and hypoactivity, muscle imbalance, rest position, and spasm and fatigue of the muscles of mastication (Ahlgren et al., 1985; Dahlström, 1989). Masticatory muscle activity pattern was found to be different or highly associated with respect to the age, malocclusion type, and type and stage of orthodontic treatment ( Moss, 1975; Freeland, 1979; Leung and Hägg, 2001).
  • Myofunctional appliances have been used for many years (Tallgren et al., 1998; Schievano et al., 1999; Quadrelli et al., 2001, 2002; Usumez et al., 2004) and have definite place in orthodontics today. They are simple and economical, but the cases need to be carefully selected, and the operator needs to be well trained in their use (Usumez et al., 2004).
  • By starting the Class II orthopaedic treatment at early ages and correcting the functional problems of soft tissues and muscles, oral respiration and bruxism are need to be part of the target (Gay et al., 1994). With this objective, our attention was drawn to the Pre- Orthodontic Trainer (POT; Figure 1) appliance, a myofunctional device usable in children from the age of 4–10 years. The POT is claimed to correct a skeletal Class II by an active mandibular force. By separation of the lower lip from the dental alveolar arch, the POT is claimed to prevent a malposition of the tongue and lower lip during swallowing, thus solving the associated dental open bite. Usumez et al. (2004) investigated the treatment effects induced by a POT appliance on Class II division 1 cases and compared these changes with an untreated Class II division 1 control group.

patients (10 males and 10 females). The ANB angles of all patients were greater than 4 degrees, and their overjets were greater than 4.5 mm (mean ANB: 5.62 ± 1.46 degrees and mean overjet: 6.0 ± 1.1 mm). None of the children in the test or control group had a thumb-sucking habit. All were Caucasian and their ages ranged from 7.8 to 11.5 years (mean age: 9.8 ± 2.2 years). All were treated exclusively with the POT appliance (Myofunctional Research Co., Queensland, Australia).

  • The remaining samples formed the untreated control group to eliminate possible growth and development effects. This group consisted of six males and nine females that have similar characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusions (mean ANB: 5.23 ± 1. degrees and mean overjet: 6.0 ± 1.5 mm). All were Caucasian with ages ranging from 8.6 to 10.2 years (mean age: 9.2 ± 0.9 years). The subjects in the control group were informed about two-stage Class II orthodontic treatment but refused early treatment.
  • (^) Positioning of electrodes
  • The skin over the muscles was cleaned with alcohol. The electrodes were filled with an electrode gel and attached to the skin with adhesive washer to provide same impedance during all EMG recordings. Therefore, the effect of the impedance can be ignored because it is nearly same for all recording section. The common ground electrodes were adhered onto the forehead of the subject and the active electrodes are placed on the muscles.
  • Bipolar silver/silver chloride disk surface electrodes were placed over the right and left anterior temporal and superficial masseter muscles. The site on the anterior temporal muscle was defined by palpation during clenching of the mandible (Gay et al., 1994) and the electrodes were placed 1–1.5 cm from the anterior border of the muscle (Leung and Hägg, 2001). The electrode site on the superficial masseter was defined as an area midway along a line connecting the inferior border of the zygomatic arch at the zygomaticotemporal suture to the gonial angle. The electrodes were placed centrally, about 1 cm distal to the anterior border of the muscle and inter-electrode distance was 20 mm and they have 4 mm recording diameter.
  • Electrodes for recording the orbicularis oris muscles were placed symmetrically above and below the vermilion border of the lips. The EMG signals for each patient are also recorded from mentalis muscle. The position of the electrodes at the first session was marked on each patient’s chart, and the chart was used as a guide at each subsequent recording session. Photographs were taken at the first session as reference for future electrode placement. Additionally, EMG records were taken several same-day repetitions (three times for each person) and used the mean values of these records instead of relying on only one measuring interval.
  • The silver/silver chloride or Ag/AgCl electrode is many electrochemists’ reference electrode of choice. It is stable and quite robust (Watson and Yee, 1969). The electrodes were filled with an electrode gel thus uniformity for electrode impedance was provided.
  • EMG recording
  • The EMG recordings are made at the initial stage of the appliance placement and at the end of the POT therapy (mean treatment period: 7.43 ± 1.06 months). EMG records

from the control sample were taken approximately 7–8 months later from the first records, similar to the treatment group (mean observation period: 8.13 ± 2 months).

  • (^) The EMG recordings were made of maximal clench in centric occlusion (four clenches), swallowing of saliva (two swallows), and sucking on an empty straw (six suckings; Tallgren et al., 1998). Each participant was informed of the research protocol prior to the first EMG recording session. They were instructed to avoid protruding their jaw or tongue during recordings. No visual feedback was provided to the subjects, who were closely monitored during the recording procedure.
  • The swallowing recordings were made when the patient indicated that a sufficient amount of saliva had accumulated. To produce the sucking recordings, the patient was instructed to suck on a plastic straw, keeping it in front of the teeth and shield with one finger closing the open end of the straw. During the recording procedure, the patient was seated in a dental chair in an upright relaxed position with the head unsupported and in its natural balance.
  • The EMG signal acquisition was conducted by Biopac-MP150 unit (BIOPAC Systems Inc., Goleta, California, USA). The EMG-100C Biopac was used as an amplifier with 2000 gain. Its high-pass filter was set to 1.0 Hz and low-pass filter was set to 500 Hz. The serial output of EMG recorder device unit was sampled at 5000 samples/second and then sent to a PC via an Ethernet card.
  • EMG analysis
  • The power spectral density (PSD) is a function commonly used for frequency domain analysis of surface EMG. Analysis of the PSD can provide information about spatial and temporal recruitment of motor unit (Blinowska et al., 1979). PSD of the surface EMG signals results from a summation of the spectral characteristics of the motor unit action potentials. Therefore, maximum value of the PSD was chosen as a parameter in order to evaluate the effects of the POT. Maximum PSD value expresses amplitude of the largest spectral line. EMG signals were recorded while the muscular activity was onset and PSD calculation that was made using Welch method was done for these signals. Hanning window of 256 samples with an overlap of 128 samples are used in the Welch method. We made the spectral estimate with Welch’s Method, which can be derived from Cheng and Lan (2003) and Kara et al. (2006).
  • Statistical analysis
  • (^) All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Windows, version 13.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each measurement.
  • The Shapiro–Wilks normality test and the Levene’s variance homogeneity test were applied to the EMG data. The data showed non-normal distribution, and there was no homogeneity of variances between the groups. Thus, the statistical evaluation of EMG values between test groups was performed using non-parametric tests
  • Wilcoxon test was used to test the significance of the mean differences of the EMG variables between the observation stages. To compare the mean differences of the EMG variables for four investigated muscles during several activities of the jaws and lips, Mann–Whitney U-test at the 95 per cent confidence interval (P < 0.05) was used.
  • Intergroup comparisons showed that statistically significant difference was observed during sucking (P < 0.05) activity. The EMG activity was increased in treatment and decreased in control group during sucking (P < 0.01).
  • Masseter muscle
  • All EMG values were decreased in the treatment and increased in the control groups. However, statistically significant changes were only determined during voluntary clenching activity for both treatment and control groups (P < 0.01). Treatment and control group comparisons showed that statistically significant differences were determined during swallowing (P < 0.01), sucking (P < 0.01), and clenching (P < 0.001) activities.
  • Previous SectionNext Section
  • Discussion
  • (^) This follow-up study of a sample of 40 subjects (25 subjects for treatment and 15 for control group) with Class II division 1 malocclusion was designed to evaluate the EMG activity of treatment with the POT appliance. Five non-cooperative patients were excluded from the study. The size of the sample may seem small but analysis undertaken to determine sample size showed adequate power. Moreover, a longitudinal analysis is statistically much more sensitive than an analysis of changes based on a cross-sectional sample.
  • During treatment or observation period, the growth potential of the masticatory and facial muscles that affect the EMG should be taken into consideration (Möller, 1966; Ahlgren et al., 1985; Dahlström, 1989). The observed EMG changes during treatment reflect the combined effects of treatment and individuals’ growth and development. Ideally, a matched or at least comparable control group should be included for identifying the changes due to the normal growth (Usumez et al., 2004). Therefore, to eliminate possible differences in growth pattern, a control group consisting of longitudinal data for untreated Class II division 1 malocclusion subjects was used in this study.
  • Similar to the therapeutic position used in activator treatment, the POT appliance is constructed with the mandible in a lightly anterior position for Class II patients (Usumez et al., 2004). For oral screen treatment, Graber (1979) reported that the construction bite cannot be as protrusive as that with an activator and the appliance is of value mainly in cases of mild Class II malocclusions. A study concerning the POT appliances combined with the straight wire system was published (Mahony, 2002). Usumez et al. (2004) evaluated the effects of POT appliance on dentoskeletal structures by lateral cephalometry in a group of Class II division 1 cases and determined no significant morphological changes by use of POT. A review of the literature presents no information on whether the POT appliance can actually improve the EMG activity of a patient with Class II malocclusion or not. Although the use of myofunctional appliances such as the oral/vestibular screen in the primary and mixed dentitions are mentioned in the literature (Tallgren et al., 1998; Usumez et al., 2004); only two studies have been published concerning the EMG changes induced by these procedures in the early occlusal developmental stages (Tallgren et al., 1998; Schievano et al., 1999).
  • Masticatory muscles and facial soft tissues not only have an impact on bone growth but also influence the process of treatment and stability of orthodontic treatment. The EMG is the primary tool for the registration of these functional processes and for the objective of growth modifying pressure and traction effects on the skull (Eckardt et al., 1997). Therefore, appropriate application of non-invasive EMG can provide more information about effect of the treatment and usage of appliances, such as POT.
  • The EMG recordings are the measurements of the electrical activity of muscles and not a measure of bite force. The use of multiple electrodes permits maximum voluntary isometric contraction recordings from groups of muscles but cannot be used to compare the relative forces developed by individual muscles nor is the data appropriate for indicating whether a muscle is contracting isometrically or isotonically (Leung and Hägg, 2001). The myofunctional therapy acted on the musculature, posture, and functions. Therefore, the muscular electrical activity request was supposed to decrease during closure of the lips, which is the desired posture during rest (Schievano et al., 1999).
  • During recordings, factors such as age, gender, composition and shape of the face, connective tissue, and fat content may all affect the type and magnitude of signals recorded (Schanne and Chaffin, 1970). Thus, subjects with similar age, gender, dentoalveolar, and physical characteristics were included to both study and control groups.
  • In the current study, the effects of myofunctional treatment on orofacial muscle activity were studied from EMG recordings of three different oral functions: swallowing, sucking, and clenching. The reliability of the EMG measurements of elevator and facial muscle activity during various oral activities has been evaluated in previous studies (Möller, 1966; Tallgren et al., 1998; Schievano et al., 1999).
  • The marked anterior temporal activity changes during maximal clenching, which averaged 0.409 μV during the initial and 6 months stages, showed a significant decrease after 6 months use of the POT. Tallgren et al. (1998) reported similar changes during myofunctional appliance treatment for anterior temporal muscle. Whether the decrease in temporal activity was influenced by the POT treatment or possibly associated with occlusal changes related to the growth in the mixed dentition cannot be determined by the present data.
  • (^) Stavridi and Ahlgren (1992) carried out an EMG study of the masseter, buccinator, and mentalis muscles to evaluate the myofunctional changes that occur during orthodontic treatment with functional appliances constructed with vestibular screen elements. During swallowing, they found statistically significant decrease in mental muscle activity by EMG. Usumez et al. (2004) showed anterior rotation and sagittal growth of the mandible and increased lower incisor proclination in patients with treated POT. These changes may be effects the mentalis muscles position and activities. In the current study, it was determined after POT treatment that lip pads decreased mentalis activity during clenching but not changed during swallowing and sucking.
  • In the present research, we determined that POT treatment increased orbicularis oris activity during sucking and clenching, but it remained unchanged during swallowing. Usumez et al. (2004) showed retroclination of upper incisors and overjet reduction when patients treated with POT appliance. Upper lip and orbicularis oris muscles
  • Ahlgren J -. Mechanism of mastication. A quantitative cinematographic and electromyographic study of masticatory movements in children, with special reference to occlusion of the teeth. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1966;24:1-109.
  • (^) Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Ahlgren J,
  • (^) Sonesson B,
  • Blitz M -. An electromyographic analysis of the temporalis function of normal occlusion. American Journal of Orthodontics 1985;87:230-239.
  • CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Blinowska A,
  • Verroust J,
  • Cannet G -. The determination of motor unit characteristics from the low frequency electromyographic power spectra. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1979;19:281-290.
  • MedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Cheng J,
  • Lan C
  • (^). Experimental studies on sound and vibration of a two-tone Chinese peace bell. Journal of Sound and Vibration 2003;261:351-358.
  • CrossRefWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Dahlström L -. Electromyographic studies of craniomandibular disorders: a review of the literature. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1989;16:1-20.
  • CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • Eckardt L,
  • Harzer W,
  • Schneevoigt R -. Comparative study of excitation patterns in the masseter muscle before and after orthognathic surgery. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 1997;25:344-352.
  • Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • (^) Freeland TD -. Muscle function during treatment with the functional regulator. Angle Orthodontist 1979;49:247-258.
  • MedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Gay T,
  • Rendell J,
  • Majoureau A,
  • Maloney FT -. Estimating human incisal bite forces from the electromyogram/bite-force function. Archives of Oral Biology 1994;39:111-115.
  • CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Graber TM -. The use of muscle forces by simple orthodontic appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics 1979;76:1-20.
  • (^) CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Grossman WJ,
  • (^) Greenfield BE,
  • Timms DJ -. Electromyography as an aid in diagnosis and treatment analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics 1961;47:481-497.
  • Moss JP -. Function—fact or fiction? American Journal of Orthodontics 1975;67:625-646.
  • (^) CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Quadrelli C,
  • (^) Gheorgiu M,
  • Marchetti C,
  • Ghiglione V -. Approccio miofunzionale precoce nelle II Classi scheletriche. Mondo Ortodontico 2002;2:109-121.
  • Search Google Scholar
  • (^) ↵
  • Quadrelli C,
  • Ghiglione V,
  • Gheorghiu M -. Relationships between posture, dysfunction of soft tissues of the stomatognatic apparatus, respiration and occlusion in the early treatment of skeletal Class II 2001. Paper presented at: XVI National Congress Sido Genoa, Italy 26–27 October.
  • (^) Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Ralston HJ
  • (^). Uses and limitations of electromyography in the quantitative study of skeletal musle function. American Journal of Orthodontics 1961;47:521-530.
  • CrossRef Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Schanne FJ,
  • Chaffin DB -. The effect of skin resistance and capacitance coupling on EMG amplitude and power spectra. Electromyography 1970;10:273-286.
  • Medline Search Google Scholar
  • (^) ↵
  • Schievano D,
  • Rontani RMP,
  • (^) Berzin F -. Influence of myofunctional therapy on the perioral muscles. Clinical and electromyographic evaluations. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1999;26:564-569.
  • CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • Stavridi R,
  • Ahlgren J -. Muscle response to the oral-screen activator. An EMG study of the masseter, buccinator, and mentalis muscles. European Journal of Orthodontics 1992;14:339-349.
  • Abstract/FREE Full Text
  • ↵
  • Tallgren A,
  • Christiansen R,
  • Ash MM,
  • Miller RL -. Effects of a myofunctional appliance on orofacial muscle activity and structures. Angle Orthodontist 1998;3:249-258.
  • Search Google Scholar
  • ↵
  • (^) Usumez S,
  • Uysal T,
  • Sari Z,
  • Basciftci FA,
  • Karaman AI,
  • Guray E -. The effects of early preorthodontic trainer treatment on class II, division 1 patients. Angle Orthodontist 2004;74:605-609.
  • MedlineWeb of Science Search Google Scholar
  • ↵