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DOCUMENTACIÓ
Ref. : R-C2-01- Rev. : Pàgina 1 de 11 HOW TO WRITE BETTER LINKERS TIME EXPRESSIONS Main sequence : At first, First(ly), Secondly, Thirdly, Next, Then, Finally, In the end, Eventually, Before and after: Before + NP, Earlier (on), Later (on), After + NP, After a while, Afterwards, Simultaneous actions: In the meantime, meanwhile Others: In the past, In the future, At present, Currently, Nowadays, Now, At the moment, On that occasion, In those days. ADDING INFORMATION Formal Informal Furthermore,… In addition,… Moreover,… What is more,… …as well as… Apart from this, Besides, And so on…, And so on and so forth …also…/Also,… …too. …as well as… / …as well Plus… EXPRESSING PURPOSE to (+ 1) in order to (+1) in order not to (+1) in order that (+ clause) so as to (+1) so as not to (+1) so that (+ clause) for + ing with a view to + ING with the aim of + ING EXPRESSING CAUSE/REASON AND RESULT REASON /CAUSE RESULT Because (+ clause) Since (+ clause) As (+ clause) Due to (+ noun) As a result of (+ noun) Owing to (+ noun) Because of (+ noun) Therefore, So, As a result, Consequently, For this / that reason That’s why As a consequence
On account of (+ noun) Seeing that (+ clause) Given that (+ clause) EXPRESSING CONCESSION AND CONTRAST On the one hand, On the other hand, On the contrary, In contrast, But, however, nevertheless, nonetheless EXPRESSING CONDITION If (+ clause) Whether (+ clause) Unless ( + clause) As long as (+ clause) Even if (+ clause) Provided that (+ clause) Providing that (+ clause) On the condition that (+ clause) EXPRESSING MANNER As though (+ clause) As if (+ clause) Like (+ clause) EXPRESSING COMPARISON DEGREES OF COMPARISON o as (+ clause) o like (+ noun) o as ... as o more ... than o – er than o less ... than o the most ... o the –est ... GENERAL OPENINGS The assignment will address the problem of… This dissertation is concerned with… The aim of this article is… The purpose of this essay is… This paper is divided into three sections… DISCUSSION ESSAYS FOR AND AGAINST / A FAVOR I EN CONTRA
II. Having weighed the arguments on both sides, it seems reasonable to state... III. With all these points in mind, most objective minds would agree that... IV. On balance, it seems obvious to state that... DESCRIBING A PHOTOGRAPH Starting In the picture I can see... The picture shows... This is a picture of... Position In the foreground In the background At the top of the Picture At the bottom of the pictures In the middle of the picture On the right On the left In the top / bottom right / left DEGREES OF CERTAINTY I think I imagine (it) must be (it) may / might / could be (it) can’t be (He / she / it / they) is / are probably (it) is probably It seems that (it) looks as if / like I’m not sure but (it) must have been (it) may / might / could have been (it) can’t / couldn’t have been There is some evidence to suggest that It may not be the case that It would seem/appear that There appears / seems to be It is undoubtedly true that It is, of course, essential that It is evident that The X is likely to + infinitive
GIVING A PRESENTATION
Introducing the presenter: Let’s welcome X... Now I’d like to call on X to make / give his/her presentation
I’d like to introduce X, who...
Getting started: I’d like to focus on ... I’ll give a brief overview of ... I’d like to raise a few issues concerning the ... I’d try to leave time for qüestions at the end. I’d like to begin by + ING During the presentation – and closing it: Now let’s turn to the problem of... Having said that, ... To sum up, That’s all I have to say. Thank you for listening
X will now take questions.
Are there any questions or commments?
REPORTS
a. You will organize the report in sections and each section has a heading.
The heading is underlined. b. The report has a title. c. Normally, we state the aim or the purpose of the report at the beginning, generally in the introduction. d. Formal, impersonal, neutral style. Introduction/Background information Facts/Problems Solutions / recommendations Conclusion Ways of starting a report: i. The aim of this report is + infinitive... ii. The purpose of this report is + infinitive... Ways of making recommendations and suggestions: a. I recommend that the X should + infinitive... b. I would recommend + ING...
c. I suggest that the X should + infinitive
d. It would be a good idea (for somebody) + infinitive...
o I think / believe / feel that o I (strongly) agree / disagree o I was surprised / shocked o It seems to me that o As I see it o As far as I’m concerned o To be honest o Let’s remember / forget that CONVERSATIONS AND INTERVIEWS Showing you understand o I see. o OK. o That’s great. o Right. o Really? Checking inderstanding o Pardon? o Could you repeat that, please? o Sorry, I didn’t catch that. o Sorry, I missed that. o Sorry, can you say that again? o Sorry, did you say...? o I’m not sure you understood. Showing interest o Really? o That’s interesting. o That’s incredible. o I see. o Do you? o Me too. Filling the conversation o Well... o The thing is... o I’m not (totally/really) sure but... o Maybe... o You know... o I imagine... o It looks like... o Let me think. o What do you think? Making suggestions o Do you fancy + ing? o Why don’t we...? o How about + ing?
o Let’s... A NEWSPAPER REPORT A newspaper report describes an event or incident, giving relevant information about when and where it happened, and who was involved. It usually beguins with a summary of what happened, followed by more details, and it often ends with somebody’s opinion. Paragraph 1 Summary of the incident Give the main information, but do not give details. Paragraph 2 Main information Give a more detailed description of the incident. Give the point of view of people involved. Paragraph 3 Ending and opinion Say what happened in the en dan give somebody’s opinion about the incident. Content Use a title. Use passive forms. Use appropriate reporting verbs. Use other people’s opinions of the incident. A NARRATIVE A narrative is an anecdote or story, usually written in the past. It can be real or imaginary. It usually describes a series of events and it often includes an unexpected, funny or problematic event. Paragraph 1 Introduction Introduce time, place, characters and background. Paragraph 2 Main events Describe the main events. Paragraph 3 Ending Say what happened in the end. INFORMAL EMAILS FORMAL MAILS You can use contractions. You can use interjections. You can use colloquial expressions. Do not use contractions. Do not use interjections. Do not use colloquial expressions.
FORMAL LETTERS
In formal letters, we often write to organizations (offices, colleges, businesses,etc.) or to people we do not know well. We can write to ask for information, apply for a job, make a complaint, etc. LAYOUT Write your address at the top right of the page. The address of the person / company you are writing to is written on the left. Write the date under your address. Leave a line between the person’s address and the greeting. Print your name under your signature. STYLE AND CONTENT Use formal Language and phrases. Do not use contractions. Do not use colloquial language. Use the correct greeting and closing expression. Use linkers to connect your idees Case 1 In this case you KNOW the person who you are writing to. 22 Wakefield Drive Luton LU23 7GN 4 October Mrs Elizabeth Hayden Managing Director Hayden & Bright Opticians High Str, Norwich NR1 6DT Dear Mrs Hayden
**Yours Sincerely Case 2 In this case you DO NOT KNOW the person you are writing to 12 Abbot Lane, Purcell Park, Perth PH2 6TG 11 November The Personnel Manager Bush Paper Products Ltd, Saxon Industrial Estate, Aberdeen AB3 7UU Dear Sir or Madam
Yours faithfully,**
