ENGLISH GRAMMAR I
LESSON II
Words
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English Grammar: Classifying Words and Open vs. Closed Word Classes - Prof. Díaz Galan, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés
An introduction to the classification of words in english based on three main criteria: morphological, syntactic, and semantic. It also explains the difference between open and closed word classes and provides examples of each. However, it's important to note that some words may have multiple membership or behave differently depending on the context.
Tipo: Apuntes
2015/2016
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR I
LESSON II
Words
Classifying words
Words can be grouped taking into account three main criteria:
- morphological (the morphemes they allow)
- (^) i.e. only nouns allow S
- (^) only verbs allow S
- syntactic (their typical functions and elements they co- occur with) - (^) Lexical verbs always have the function “lexical verb” and the V.P. in which they appear will always be “predicator” - (^) Nouns are the head of NPs. Nouns can co-occur with elements with the function “determiner” - (^) i.e. these/the/ three houses *these/the/three quickly
- semantic (their meaning, the less reliable)
- (^) i.e. nouns denote entities, concrete or abstract (“table”, “hope”)
open and closed word
classes
There are two main word classes:
- (^) open word classes: membership is unrestricted, they allow the addition of new members: download, email, to google
- (^) closed word classes: membership is restricted, they do not allow any new items
open word classes:
- (^) In English there are four open word classes:
- nouns
- adjectives
- adverbs
- verbs
closed word classes
examples
1. prepositions (at, from, in spite of, except) 2. conjunctions ( subordinators: that, if / coordinators : and, or, but, for) 3. articles (the, a) 4. numerals (ordinal or cardinal) 5. pronouns (personal, self-, relative..) 6. quantifiers (some, any, few, little..) 7. Interjections (ouch, ups ..)
Problems concerning
classification
- (^) Many English words, if considered in isolation, cannot
be classified as belonging to one specific class
1. multiple membership:
Some words may belong to more than one category:
- (^) answer or desire can be verbs or nouns
- (^) than can be a preposition or a subordinator
2. conversion :
Some words, although belonging to one specific class,
may behave as members of a different one:
- (^) “poor” is an adjective, in examples such as “ the poor” it behaves as if it were a noun