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Present perfect (l have done) and past simple (U did) (2) We use the present perfect when we talk about something that happened in a period of time up to the present. We use the past simple to talk about somcthing that happened at a particular, finished time in the past. Compare: Science has made many major advances this century. and Scientists made some fundamental discoveries in the 18th century. He puts to good use things thar other people have throwa away. and T threw away most of my old books when 1 moved house. 3 bea When we report that someone has recently invented, produced, discovered or written something we use the present perfect. When we talk about something that was invented, etc. in the more distant past we use the past simple, Compare: ¿ — * Scientist have discovered that, all over the world, millions of frogs and toads are dying. a Iris ofren said that Hernán Cortés “discovered” Mexico in 1519. + Two schoolchildren have invented a device for moving large objects up flights of stairs. 4 Chinese crafsmen invented both paper and printing. Sometimes it makes very little difícrence to the main sense of the sentence ¡£ we think of something happening in a period of me up to the present or ata particular, finished time in the past: a The research is now complete and the experiment was (or has been) a success. s* Doesit concern you that you failed (or have failed) the test? a T'm sure L read (or Y have read) somewhere that he died in a plane crash, We can use either the present perfect or the past simple to talk about repeated actions or events, 1 we use the present perfect, we often suggest that the action or event sight happen agaín. Sometimes we emphasise this with phrases such as so far and up to now (see Unit 5). If we use the past simple, it suggests that it is finished and wo" happen again. Compare: s Timson has made 13 films and 1 think her latest is the best. and » Timson made 13 films before she was tragically killed in a car accident. + Lee has represented his country on many occasions, and hopes to go on to compete in the next Olympics. 41d » Lee represented his country on many occasions, but was forced to retire after an injury. We can use both the present perfect and the past simple to talk about states. We use the present perfect to talk about a state that exisced in the past and still exists now, and we use the past simple if the state no longer exists. Compare: 2. Lhave lmown him most of my working life. (1 am still working) amd s Lkncw him when we were both working in Rome. » We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here. (We still belong to it.) and a We belonged to the tennis club in the village we used to live in. In news reports, you will often read or hear events introduced with the present perfect, and then the past simple is used to give the details: E “The film star Jim Cooper has died of “A teacher from Oslo has fecome the first woman to cross the Antarctic alone. lt took her 42 days to make the crossing with her dog team...” cancer. He was 68 and lived in Texas...' *The US space shutile Atlantis has returned safely to earth, lt landed in Florida this morning... Present perfect and past simple (1)and (2) = 7% Past continuous and past simple = [REE 
