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present perfect simple li You have (ve) 1 You have not (haven't) We / They finished. We ¡They finished. He/She — has (s) He/She has not (hasn't) o ñ pa G Have Hyou Yes | have. /No, | haven't. we/they finished? Yes, we / they have. /No, we / they haven't. Has he/she/it Yes, he / she /it has. / No, he / she /it hasn't. (Has Jana done* the homework? * The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the past simple, but with many common irregular verbs it is different, See page 208 for a list of irregular vertos. infinitive — pastsimple — past participle go went gone come came come We use the present perfect e totalk about life experiences. Jon has travelled al over the word. l've never stayed overnight in a hospital Have you ever seen an eclipse? e totalk about dhange over a period of time, contrasting the past with the present. They have made the exams more «ificult.— The cúmate has got warmer. e totalk about achievements. Man has walked on the moon. — Scientists have identified al! tho genes in human DNA e totalk about multiple actions repeated at different times. We've won six matches this season. — I've seen this fiim three times. present perfect or past simple? All the examples above refer to things that happened at some unspecified time in the past. The exact time the action happened is nat important - the important thing is that it is before now. To “fix” things in the past (eg stages in our life, events in history, events in a narrative) we use an expression of time in the past, and the past simple tense. Newton studied at Cambridge from 1661 to 1665 Britain and France dedared war when Germany invaded Poland. Sometimes the time expression you choose determines which tense you must use. We use the past simple with "finished" time expressions. [went to the doctor yesterday. — We didn't have a maths class last week He spoke to me ten minutes ago. With "untinished' time expressions we use the present perfect. Fve had four exams this week. There haven't been any problems until now. She's lived in five different countries in her life. 1 Write the past participle of these verbs. Use a dictionary if necessary. a b c d see Seen e find L write m fall buy f come | break n rise sell g put k set o meet do h take L read p think 2 Use the prompts to write a sentence. To >. ano The teacher / arrive The teacher has arrived. The students / leave The exams / finish Danny / break / leg If sent / you / e-mail She / see f this film f before Dave and Joe / win / a scholarship There / be / accident 3 Write the negative form of the sentences in Exercise 2. se» ooano The teacher hasn'+ arrived. 4 Put the words in order to make a question. Then verite a short answer. b you have school finished ? Have you Linished sehcol? Yes, have. / No, l haven'£. rained has today It ? done this you exercise have before 7 got better has for life people ? have world's risen temperatures the ? gone petrol the price up has of ? at you have seen a the play theatre ? season football has the begun ? social studies 7 Ajournalist ls interviewing a politician on a radio programme. Underline the correct form. INTERVIEWER: Mrs Blake, you want people to vote for you again, Our listeners want to know why. POLITICIAN: 1 think our achievements are very clear, l: Well, not always. For example, under your gov nt unemployment a has risen / rose by ten per cent. P: Yes, but you have to look at the international context. The price of otl b has increased [ increased 10 over forty euros last year and there < Jas beer / was a world recesión this year. Lo But now the price of oil d has fallen / fell again. P: Yes, the future looks very good. Since we came to power we e huve cut ) cut taxes three times. The last government f has increased / increased them. E The opposition says that services g have suffered / suffered. What about the health system? Several hospitals h have closed / closed recently. P: Yes, but people can see now that we 1 Jrave introduced / introduced big Improvements. Those hospitals ) have been f were old. We k have invested f invested in new and better hospitals. Ek But people are walting longer for thelr operations. P: No, thats not correct. Patients walted longer before we came to power, The latest statistics. show that we 1 have reduced / reduced the number of people waiting for operations, What about your record on education? Standards were terrible under the last government. When we m have introduced $ introduced Une new education law, the results improved very quickly. E Thank you Mrs Blake. Now, the news Translate these sentences into your own language. Mis sister has won a swimming competition. Pve seen this film three times. They've built a new rosd. Have you finished your homework? Has he decided what he wants to do? (A present perfect simple present perfect with for and since past simple: ) started studying here five years ago. present simple: / study here nov. present perfect: I've studied here for five years. NOT past simple: / met John for the fest time ín 2003. present simple: í sti know hum. present perfect: ve knowen Sohn since 2003. NOT hinow-John-since-2003. Ne worked here for five years NOT ¿amwerkting here tor fiveyess. Fve had a car sínce 2003. NOT hewe-a car since 2003. (use) We use the present perfect to talk about situations which began in the past and continue into the present, and we want to say how long they have lasted. We often use how long, for and since with present perfect to express this idea. for and since To say how long a current situation has lasted e —weuse since with a point in time in the past (8 o'clock, 1975, August, last week, J was born, he arrived). Poo hood horo since 2004. Things have been better since 1 changed schools. e —weuse for with a period of time that continues until now (82 years, a month, a fow minutes, half an hour, ages, hundreds of years). Pe lived here for fowr years. (NOT since-forr-yearsago ) My dad has had tho sarno car for fifteen years! You can also use for with the past simple. Compare these sentences. present perfect: l've lived in Hamburg for threo yoars / since 1998. (1 still live in Hamburg.) past simple: / lived in Hamburg for three years / from 1995 to 1998. (Now | live somewhere else.) We also use the negative form of the present perfect váth for and since to say the last time someth happened. The last tiene ¡t snowed was al Civistmas. = (t hasn't snowed since Christmas. The last time lspoke to David was two days ago. =) haven't spoken to David for two days We use present perfect continuous to talk about actions in progress from the past up to the present foften with for or since). Me've been studying Russian for three years. P've been doing homewark since five o“ dock The action may be recently finished or continuing. They've been waiting for an hour You're late. (The waiting is finished ) They ve been waiting for an hour and he sti isn't here. (The waiting continues ) We sometimes use the present prefect continuous to emphasise an action repeated many times, or the length of time of an action. ve been phoning you 40 doy Where were you? He's been feeling il foc aver a week and he isn't getting better. present perfect simple or continuous? When we refer to the duration of an action or situation, there is often very little difference in meaning between the present perfect simple and present pertect continuous. How long have yoy worked / been working hers? I've worked / been working here for five years. The tense we use often depends on where we want to focus - on the activity itself or the result of the action. “Why are your hands dirty? Tve been fixing my bike". (focus an the activity) “rou look pleased * "Yes, ve fred my bike. * (focus on the finished result) Mthe result of an action is a quantity (how much or how many) we do not use the continuous form. I've done three exvrrises so far. NOT fve-been- doing three- exercises -s0-tar They've been saving for a year and they ve saved over a thousand pounds. Vie do mat usually use the continuous form with verbs which refer to statos (eg to be, to want to hawe, ete] Je had a cobd for the last week. NOT Hve-been-heving-a cold tor thelestreek- You've been depressed since Christmas. NOT +owve been being depressed - 1 Use the prompts to write present perfect continuous sentences. a James / write e-mails / since this morning James has been ariting e-mails Since +his morning. b She / teach / for ten years € We / not tell / lies to you! d My parents / shop / for furniture e Juan / not do / his homework f It ¿not rain / for long 9 Mariella / buy new clothes h 1 £ read this book / for weeks! ¡They talk / for hours j You f not clean / your room! 2 Use the prompts to write present perfect continuous questions. Then write short answers. a you f study for the exam? Yes Have. you been studiing Lor +he exam? Yes, | have. b How long / they f live in Hong Kong? Three years < she / wait long? No d they / practise / the plano? Yes e How long / he / playing that game? Two hours f you /sit / there all day? No g How long / it /snow? Halfan hour h he feat f chocolate? Yes 3 Underline the correct form. La learned ) "ve learned Í 2uc been learning to play the guitar since Christmas because my parents b bought f have bought J have been buying me one as a present. | € always wanted / "ve always wanted ) "ve always been wanting to be in a band but 1 can't sing. My teacher d was / has been / has been being very patient. | e started / e started / “ve been starting with a few simple chords and now | can play one song. My fingers € fuwrt J “ve hurt J "ve been hurting when practise too long. Today 1 9 practise J ve practised [ *ve been practising since lunch and 1 think Pl! have to stop soon. My parents h listened $ have listened [ have been listening to me and | think they want me to stop as well! O present perfect continuous 
