Reported and Direct Speech: Understanding the Differences and Changes, Esquemas y mapas conceptuales de Inglés

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When do we use it?

REPORTED SPEECH is used

to tell what someone said.

We give the exact meaning

without using all the words

exactly. That is, we report

the bit of language in our

own words.

Example:

Tom said that they

were going to the

cinema that

afternoon.

DIRECT SPEECH is used to

tell what someone said.

We give the exact meaning

through the words actually

spoken by the speaker. We

place these words

between inverted commas

and a colon is placed

immediately before.

Example:

Tom said: “ We are going to

the cinema this

afternoon”.

Reporting verbs.

Say and tell are the most common ones, but other are also

possible: agree, advise, complain, explain, greet, refuse,

swear, warn…

Remember:

Say + (to I.O.) + D.O.He said (to me) he was

leaving.

Tell + I.O. + D.O. He told me he was leaving.

ChangesChanges

 Types of changes:

**1. Verb Tenses

2. Time and place adverbial expressions
3. Logical change of pronouns**

EXAMPLE

 DIRECT: Mary said: “They are seeing me tomorrow”

 REPORTED: Mary said that they were seeing her the

following day

Changes in Modals

DIRECT

SPEECH

REPORTED

SPEECH

CAN COULD

MAY MIGHT

MUST / HAVE TO MUST / HAD TO

WILL WOULD

Time and Place Adverb Change Time and Place Adverb Change

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Now Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The previous day / the day before

Last week The previous week / the week before

A __________ ago The previous ______ / the _____ before

Tomorrow

The following day / the day after / the next

day

Next ___________ The following ________ / the _______ after

Here There

This

These

That

Those

Same changes as for statements.

In “REPORTED QUESTIONS” we do not have a

question structure, now we have a “statement”

 Suject + verb + complements

 Paul asked: “Are you coming to the party tonight, Jane?”

 Paul asked Jane if she was coming to the party that night.

 Types of questions:

1. 1. YES/NO QUESTIONSYES/NO QUESTIONS: IF / WHETHER + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS

Paul asked : " Do you play volleyball?"

Paul asked me whether (or if) I played volleyball.

2. 2. WH- QUESTIONWH- QUESTION : WH- + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS

John asked: " When do you play badminton?"

John asked me when I played badminton.

Reported commands

Same basic changes as statements

Basic introductory verb: TELL

The IMPERATIVE verbal form turns into

 TO + “INFINITIVE” (Affirmative)

 NOT + TO + “INFINITIVE” (Negative)

 Examples.-

 “Come here” He told me  He told me to go there

 Father: "Do your homework!“  Father told me to do my

homework.

 Teacher. "Don't talk to your mate!"  The teacher told

me not to talk to my mate.

 We use a that-clause introduced by “ suggest”.

'That' y 'should' are optional in these cases:

She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?"

She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car.

She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.

Other verbs we can use:

 Insist

 "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother.

 My mother insisted that I see the dentist

 Recommend

 The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush".

 The dentist recommended that I should use a different

toothbrush.



Notes:

Suggest can be followed by V-ing:

I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.

In these cases we would use a “reporting verb”

related to the meaning, followed by that-clause

o to-infinitive :

 "I'll pay you the money tomorrow.“

 He promised to pay me the money the next day.

 He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.

Other verbs that follow this structure:

 Hope (Tener esperanza)

 "We should arrive in London before nightfall.“

 They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.

 They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.

 Threaten (Amenazar)

 "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!”

 He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

 He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

 Swear (Jurar)

 "I swear it! I'll be back by lunchtime.”

 He sweared to be back by lunchtime.

 He sweared that he would be back by lunchtime.