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UNIT 1
Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology I
David Crystal: British linguist, academic and author D. Crystal collaborated in the production of Shakespeare at Shakespeare's Globe in 2004 and 2005, coaching the actors on the appropriate pronunciation for the period in which the plays had been written.
Phon etics It studi es the sounds of human speech: Articulatory Phonetics 1. Their articulation Acoustic Phonetics 2. Their transmission from speaker to hearer: physical properties of speech sounds: frequency, duration… Auditory Phonetics 3. Their audition or perception by the hearer.
It is an empirical science : based on the observation of facts. It is still not considered to be part of linguistics, even though you can find it as part of some departmentsin Linguistics .It is used in …
- teaching the pronunciation of foreign languages
- speech therapy
- helping deaf-mutes and the deaf to identify and reproduce sounds
- sound transmission (telephony)
Phonology studies the sound systems of languages.
- Writes descriptions of the sound patterns of particular languages
- Makes general statements about the nature of the sound systems of the languages of the world. It is a part of linguistics.
Phonology English sound system
◦ Some languages have a rigid CV structure (Japanese) – syllabic alphabet (KA-KI-KUKE-KO etc.) e.g. Engl. “club” à Jap. Ku-ra-bu (three simbols corresponding to three syllables) クラ ブ ◦ Other languages allow a more complex syllable structure. English syllable template is C0-3V C0-4 eg. Glimpse [ɡlɪmps]
Phonetic
Transcription BUT … Nation Nation – al
English spelling preserves morphological relationships.
TYPES OF TRANSCRIPTION NARROW TRANSCRIPTION : We transcribe the phonemes of a language (i.e. phonological or phonemic transcription)
BROAD TRANSCRIPTION : We transcribe the detailed values of a sound (i.e. allophonic transcription) TRADE treId tr̥ eːɪd̥
/st- sp- sk-/ possible in English but not in Spanish.The “r”and “d” are devoiced; the diphthong is long.
Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology I Language universals How many languages are there in the world? According to Ethnologue around 7.000 different languages catalogued How many distinctive sounds are there in the world? Only 200-300 distinctive sounds are used. How many phonemes in the world’s languages? Between 11 – 141 phonemes: 6 – 95 consonants; 3 – 46 vowels 70% of the world’s languages have between 20 and 37 segments. A typical language has over twice as many consonants as vowels.
Although there are endless and
INITIATION
In order to generate sound, it is necessary to have air pressure. 3 sources of air pressure:
- Pulmonic sounds: air pressure generated by the lungs.
- Velaric sounds: the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum and the tip towards the front; closure at the front & back of the mouth, vacuum in the middle.
- Glottalic sounds: oral tract is closed at glottis; the vocal folds jammed together; air is compressed.
The initiation process is the moment when the air is
expelled from the lungs.
In English
sp eech sounds
ar e the result
of “a pulmonic egressive air stream” (Giegerich, 1992).
Japanese: ingressive [s] sounds Tsou (aboriginal language of Taiwan): inhaled [f] and [h]
Non- pulmonic sounds
Southern African la nguages & Zulu (Bantu la ng): clicks are very c ommon Tongue against velum and fronter point of contact. Air rushes in to fill the vacuum.
i.e. bilabial click : sucking, kissing sound one makes to
babies
i.e. alveolar click : sound to call
horses
GLOTAL STOP - “trapping of air by
the glottis”
1.Air being is exhaled from the lungs
2. glottis The is
closed immediately
VELARIC INGRESSIVE
Airflow is created in the vocal
tract
CLICKS
GLOTALLIC EGRESSIVE
Airflow is created in the vocal tract
EJECTIVES (GLOTTALIZED)
UNIT 2 (2)
The organs of speech
Phonation
Warm-up “Initiation” 1.What are the stages of speech production … Initiation, Phonation and Articulation
- What are the speech organs … The lungs, the larynx, the supraglottal cavities
- What are the three sources of air pressure … Pulmonic, velaric and glottalic
- What are the two types of air direction … Egressive and ingressive
Arytenoi
d
Cartilage
s
They are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. They allow the vocal folds to be tensed, relaxed, or approximated.
Articulation
PHONETIC SETTINGS
The phonetic settings of a given language determine the voice quality or the timber that underlies the production of the chain of segments in speech. The articulatory settings of a language may be defined as the tendency of the vocal organs towards adopting a particular state.
Language-specific Phonetic Settings
lip rounding (French) Le Français est la langue parlée dans plusieurs pays du monde.
spread lips (Russian) Число владеющих русским языком в России составляет 137,5 млн человек (2010). Всего в мире на русском говорят около 260 млн человек (2014)
lowered larynx (Japanese) Hajimemashite. Mayya desu. Sensei desu. Doozo Yoroshiku.
retroflex articulation (Pakistan AmE, IrishE)
- sounds produced with the tip of the tongue curled
back.
