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Super summary
Inversion
Two types o Type 1: if you have a time word Time word + auxiliary + S+ V +O +secondary sentence Never have I felt this way before/ Little did he know he would meet such a wonderful girl o Type 2: if you have under no circumstances under no circumstances + should/must/will + subject + verb + object under no circumstances should you cheat on an exam Key time words o Rarely: (raramente) rarely have I missed an appointment o Little (pocas veces, en pocas ocasiones, poco, para nada): little did I imagine there was going to be a surprise exam (meaning: para nada me imaginaba que iba a haber un examen sorpresa) o Never Never did I I’d miss the classroom o Not once Not once did I score a goal playing as midfielder o Only then Only then did the detective realized that the murderer was the butler o Only after only after he found the butchering knife, did the detective realized that the butler was the murderer o Hardly hardly have I eaten fish in my life o On no account: on no account should you be aggressive to other people
Wishes
Type 1: wishes about the present. o Structure: Subject + wish + subject + the past simple. o Usage: Refer to an imaginary present or to the idea that you wish you would be able to do something which you can’t do in the present o Example: I wish I knew the answer (I don’t know it right now) Type 2. Wishes about the past o Structure: Subject + wish + subject + past perfect (or “the third column”) o Usage: when we talk about thing we wish we had done or had done differently in the past. o Example: I wish I had gone to your party last week (I didn’t go) Type 3: Wishes about the future and about difficult/impossible situations o Wishes about the future We use the structure Subject + wish + Subject + could + verb in infinitive Example I wish I could go to your party tomorrow o For negative wishes in the future, we can use “subject + wish + didn’t have to” I wish I didn’t have to study so much for next week’s exams
o Wishes about difficult/impossible situations Structure: Subject + wish + subject +could Example: I wish I could drive Type 4: Complaints about bad habits o Structure: subject + wish + pronoun/name + would Example: I wish he would stop writing examples about Inés. o We also use structure : subject + wish + pronoun/name + would to express our desire people would do something I wish the police would do something about the robberies If only o If only works in the same way as “I wish” in all its different types and it means the same. The only difference is that “if only” is more emphatic than “I wish”. However, “if only” is way more common in the exam than “I wish” Examples: I wish I knew the answer/If only I knew the answer I wish I had gone to your party/If only I had gone to your party I wish I could visit Italy next summer/If only I could visit Italy next summer I wish you would stop making noise/If only you would stop making noise I wish the police would do something about the robberies/If only the police would do something about the robberies It’s time o Structure : it's time I/you/we + past simple o Usage: we use it to express that there’s an urgency to do something Example: It’s very late. It’s time we went home
I would rather/I’d rather I/you/we/they/he/she
Type 1: for present situations o Structure: I'd rather I/you/we + past simple o Example: I’d rather I didn’t have class right now Type 2: for past situations o Structure I'd rather I/you/we + past perfect o Example: last week we did something terrible. I’d rather we hadn’t done it
Conditionals
Zero conditional o Structure: If + Subject + Present Simple + Subject + Present Simple o Usage: Used for the so-called “eternal truths” (things that are always happen, no matter where you live or what you do) o Example: if you mix yellow and blue, you get green First conditional o Structure: If + S + Present simple + S + simple future (will/going to or a modal can/must/should/might
All tenses except future with “will + verb” go back one full tense to the past. That is, present continuous goes back to past continuous (not present simple!!), present simple goes back to past simple, present perfect to past perfect (not past simple!!!!) Example : John: “ I’m having a party tonight [present continuous]” “what did John say yesterday? [we know the action is finished because it was yesterday]” “John said he was having a party last night” [past continuous+ change of “tonight”] o Sentences with two main verbs If the sentence you are trying to make indirect has two verbs, only the main verb (the first verb) is changed (following same rules as above), the second verb never changes. T his doesn’t work with present simple because in this case, the main verb is considered a routine and therefore an “always true” action (explained in type 2). Example: John: “I was walking down the street when I met Susan” “John said that he had been walking down the street when he met Susan”. o Sentences in the future with “will + verb” When we have a sentence in the future with “will + verb” (I will go to Sitges tomorrow” we don’t go back one tense. Instead, we change “will” for “would”and the following verb remains unchanged Example: o John: “I will go tomorrow” “John said he would go to the beach the day after” o Yes/no questions Yes/no questions are questions that can be answered with a yes or a no, as in “are you happy?” or “do you like sports?” structure “he/she/they/etc + asked (+me [optional]) + if/whether + reported sentence always going one to the past. We also eliminate the question mark at the end. John: Do you like [present simple] sports? “he asked (me) if/whether I liked [past simple]sports John: “ have you ever been [present perfect] to Paris?” “John asked me if/whether I had ever been [past perfect] to Paris” John: “ did you steal [past simple] the cookies?” John asked me if/whether I had stolen [past perfect]the cookies o Wh-questions Wh-questions are the questions that start with a wh- element (who, why, when, where,etc. also “how”). structure “he/she/they/etc + asked (+me [optional]) + Wh-element + reported sentence always going to the past John: “where did you go [past simple] last night?” “He asked (me) where I had gone [past perfect] the night before
Time word changes in reported speech
direct speech reported speech now then, at that time today that day, on Sunday, yesterday tonight that night, last night, on Sunday night tomorrow the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today yesterday the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday last night the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday night this week that week, last week last month the month before/ the previous month, in May next year the following year, in 2014 two minutes ago two minutes before in one hour one hour later
Place word changes in reported speech
direct speech indirect speech here there, in Starbucks this that this book the book, that book, War and Peace
This type will only occur when you find one of the following verbs. You have to follow the structure given in the table Suggest + ing “Let’s go to the beach!” he suggested going to the beach Offer + infinitive with to “I can help you” he offered to help me. Remind+ someone + infinitive with to “remember to take your book” he reminded me to take my book Accuse + someone + of + verb in ING “You stole my book!” - he accused me of stealing his book Decided + infinitive with to “I will do it” “he decided to do it” Admit + to + verb in ING “I stole the book” “he admitted to stealing the book” Apologize + for + verb in ING “I’m sorry I stole the book” “he apologized for stealing the book” Advise +someone + infinitive with to “I would do it if I were you” “he advised me to do it” “I wouldn’t do it if I were you” “he advised me not to do it” Deny + verb in ING “I didn’t steal the book!” “he denied stealing the book” Confess + to + verb in ING “It’s true, I stole the book” “he confessed to stealing the book”
Passive
Type 1 passive sentences reverse the natural order of a sentence. The natural order is subject + verb + object Structure of passive: object, the verb (by subject .) o Examples 1a. John did the homework 1b. The homework was done by John 2a. The police caught the criminal 2b. The criminal was caught by the police IMPORTANT!!! To create passive sentences, we need to add the verb “to be” before the main verb. The verb “to be” must be in the same time form (present, past of future) as the main verb. 1a. The driver stopped the car (verb in past simple) 1b. The car was stopped (by the driver) (we included the verb to be in past form “was” and we kept the same tense for the main verb (stopped) 2a. He has saved the kid’s life 2b. The kid’s life was saved ( by him ) 3a. I’m cooking rice 3b. rice is being cooked ( by me ) Type 2 o Usage We use this passive when
The original sentence had “people” as subject When we talk about a large number or an undetermined group of people o Structure “it” + verb to be + say/believe/understand/know (in perfect form/third column) + that + the object from the original sentence. This type is equivalent to Spanish/catalan “se dice/es diu, se piensa/es pensa, etc. o Examples 1a. Everybody knows that smoking is bad for your health 1b. It is known that smoking is bad for your health 2a. People say that the government is corrupt 2b. It is said that the government is corrupt
