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ADVANCED SUMMARY - OBJECTIVE FIRST BOOK
Tipo: Apuntes
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go down → (SUN) when the sun goes down, it moves down the sky until it cannot be seen any more. go off → (LEAVE) to leave a place and go somewhere else. go off → (STOP WORKING) if a light or a machine goes off, it stops working. go out → (RELATIONSHIP) if two people go out together, they have a romantic relationship with each other. go out → (LIGHT / FIRE) if a light or something that is burning goes out, it stops producing light or heat. go out → (LEAVE) to leave a room building, especially in order to do something for entertainment. IDIOMS WITH CLOTHES WORDS: as comfortable as an old shoe = feel very comfortable. have / get something up your sleeve = have a secret second option you can use to your advantage. be a stuffed shirt = to be a very conservative person. put your socks up = to get ready to improve your work, performance or behaviour. take your hat off = to show admiration. COMPARISON There are various ways of making comparisons in English.
1. Comparative and superlatives adjectives - Regular adjectives of one syllable have forms like these: Adjective Comparative Superlative young young er (the) young est large larg er (the) larg est slim slim mer (the) slim mest Note that if an adjective ends in a single vowel and consonant (not w ), the final letter is doubled, as in “ slim” above. Some common examples are: sad, big, thin, fat, hot, wet. - Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant followed by the letter “y” are formed like this: Adjective Comparative Superlative dirty dirt ier (the) dirt iest Some common examples are: angry, busy, easy, funny, happy, heavy, silly, tiny. - Most other two-syllable adjectives and all longer adjectives from their comparative and superlatives form like this: Adjective Comparative Superlative careful more careful (the) most careful casual more casual (the) most casual outrageous more outrageous (the) most outrageous
Silvana isn’t as smart as Robert. / Silvana isn’t so smart as Robert. Robert isn’t as young as Silvana / Robert isn’t so young as Silvana → ( NOT ) Silvana isn’t as younger as Robert. → ( NOT ) Robert isn’t so older as Silvana.
4. Comparative and superlative adverbs - Comparative adverbs are usually formed by adding “ more” to the existing adverb: commonly → more commonly readily → more readily - Superlative adverbs are usually formed by adding “(the) most” to the existing adverb: commonly → (the) most commonly readily → (the) most readily - A few adverbs are not formed with “more / most” and consist of a single word for both the comparative and superlative forms. Here are some common examples: badly → worse → worst close → closer → closest early → earlier → earliest far → farther/further → farthest/furthest fast → faster → fastest hard → harder → hardest near → nearer → nearest well → better → best EXAMPLES OF EXAM FOLDER 1: Key word transformations 1. Tim hadn’t expected the concert to the be so good. (BETTER) The concert was BETTER THAN TIM HAD expected. 2. This is the happiest that John has ever been. (HAPPIER) John has never BEEN HAPPIER THAN now. 3. I hadn’t expected to take so long to get to the airport. (LONGER) It took LONGER THAN I HAD EXPECTED to get to the airport. 4. His first novel was better than this one. (GOOD) This novel WAS NOT AS GOOD as the first one he wrote. 5. This summer has much cooler than last year. (COOL) Last summer WAS AS NOT COOL as this year. 6. I’m not as good at math as you. (BETTER) You ARE BETTER AT MATH than me. 7. The course wasn’t as easy as I expected. (MORE) The course WAS MORE DIFFICULT THAN I expected. 8. This exercise is easier than the last one. (HARD) This exercise IS NOT AS HARD AS the last one.
VOCABULARY: Word formation trick → tricky mess → messy mud → muddy “(soil + water)” ice → icy access → accessible mind → mindless excel → excellent unhelp → unhelpful impress → impressive hope → hopeless colour → colourful sophisticate → sophisticated favour → favourable able → ability popular → popularity electronic → electronically apply → application
Transport: ferry, yacht, airline, coach. Movement: flight, journey, landing, voyage. Seaside: coast, cliff, shore, harbour. People: holiday-markers, travel agent, crew, backpacker. Accommodation: caravan, bed and breakfast, campsite, hostel. PHRASAL VERBS FOR “TRAVEL AND HOLIDAYS” check in → (HOTEL) to register at your accommodation or to go to the desk at a hotel in order to say that you have arrived, and to get the key to your room.
check in / check into sth → to say who you are when you arrive at a hotel so that you can be given for a key for your room. get away → (HOLIDAY) to go on holiday or to go somewhere to have a holiday, especially because you need to rest. get in → (ARRIVE) to arrive a destination or a place at a particular time. get in → (VEHICLE ARRIVING) If a train or other vehicle gets in at a particular time, that is when it arrives. get in → (ENTER) to succeed in entering a place get in → (BE CHOSEN) to succeed in being chosen or elected. set off → to start or begin a journey. stop over → to stay somewhere for a short time when you are going somewhere else. book sb in / book sb into sth → to arrange for someone to stay at a hotel. check out → to pay and leave accommodation at a hotel after paying your bill. take off → to leave the ground. take off → (AIRCRAFT) If an aircraft takes off, it begins to fly. COLLOCATIONS take: a trip, a plane, a ship, a flight. book: a trip, a hotel, a flight. catch: a plane, a flight. board: a ship, a plane, a flight. get: a plane, a tan, a hotel, a flight. go: skiing, sightseeing. IDIOMS ABOUT TRAVELLING / WITH TRAVEL WORDS have got itchy feet = a strong desire to travel. sail through = do something easily and quickly. we are in the same boat = to be in the same situation. a mile a minute = very fast. hit the road = start a journey. MODALS 1: OBLIGATION, NECESSITY AND PERMISSION
1. After the coincident the board of the club decided Mr. White wouldn’t enter again. (FROM) After what happened to Mr. White, he WAS BANNED FROM ENTERING again. 2. I regret no signing up for a marketing course before. (TO) I OUGHT TO HAVE registered for a marketing course before. 3. My parents didn’t permit me to stay up too late watching TV when I was a kid. (WAS) As a child I WASN’T ALLOWED TO watch TV until very late. 4. His father forced him to take his medicine. (MADE) He WAS MADE TO TAKE his medicine by his father. PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION across: the frontier, the avenue. at: used when mention a specific place (at the theatre, at the cinema, etc). in: used to indicate countries or cities (in Spain, In Lima, etc). into: to refer movements (walk into…, go into…, fly into…, jump into…, etc). off: to indicate the place to belong an island off the coast of a country or city.
1. A lot of people thought Mike was the best candidate for the coming elections. (AS) Mike WAS REGARDED AS the best candidate for the coming elections. 2. I had a dish yesterday and its taste reminded me of a pizza. (LIKE) The dish I tried yesterday TASTED LIKE A PIZZA. COMPOUND NOUNS What do call someone who…? A. Writes with her / his left hand? → left-handed B. Usually has a bad temper? → bad-tempered C. Has blue eyes? → blue-eyed D. Has a narrow mind? → narrow-minded E. Has a sharp tongue? → sharp-tongued
get got got hear heard heard hit hit hit hold held held keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lose lost lost put put put run ran run say said said see saw seen send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shut shut shut sink sank sunk speak spoke spoken spend spent spent swim swam swum take took taken tell told told think thought thought REVIEW OF PAST TENSES