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ADVANCED SUMMARY - OBJECTIVE FIRST BOOK, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

ADVANCED SUMMARY - OBJECTIVE FIRST BOOK

Tipo: Apuntes

2020/2021

Subido el 09/05/2021

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ADVANCED 1
UNIT 1
VOCABULARY FOR SPEAKING: FASHION MATTERS
Clothes: suit, sweatshirt, polo shirt.
Footwear: boots, sandals, trainers.
Jewellery: bracelet, earrings, necklace, ring.
Headgear: hood, helmet, hat, baseball cap.
Materials: woollen, leather, cotton, silk, polyester, suede, fur.
Appearance: casual, smart, untidy, scruffy (old, dirty and untidy), fashionable.
PHRASAL VERBS FOR “FASHION AND CLOTHES:
put on get dressed “it’s really chilly here, put on some warm clothes”.
take off sth / take sth off (REMOVE) get undressed “don’t take off your jacket
yet”.
try on put on some clothes to test to fit “before I buy it, I’d like to try it on.
add to sth (PUT WITH) to put something with something else.
cut down reduce.
dress up (FORMAL) wear smarter clothes than usual.
fit in with if one thing fits in with another thing, they look pleasant together or are
suitable for each other.
go out go somewhere for entertainment.
keep up (with sb/sth) understand something that is changing fast.
pull on sth / pull sth on to put on clothes, especially quickly.
put together sth / put sth together (JOIN PARTS) create something by joining
or combining different things.
save up sth / save sth up (MONEY) keep money for something in the future.
slip on sth / slip sth on put something on quickly.
stand out (NOTICE) be easy to be see or notice.
take back sth / take sth back (THING) return something.
PHRASAL VERBS WITH “GO”:
go away (LEAVE) to leave a place.
go away (HOLIDAY) to leave your home in order to spend time in different places.
go ahead (PERMISSION) something that you say to someone to give them
permission to do something.
go back to return to a place where you were or where you have been before.
go for sth (CHOOSE) choose something.
go in to enter a place.
go on (HAPPEN) to happen.
go on (CONTINUE) to continue to happen or exist.
go over sth to talk or think about something in order to explain it or make certain
that it is correct.
go up (INCREASE) to become higher in level.
go down (BECOME LESS) to become lower in level.
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ADVANCED 1

UNIT 1

VOCABULARY FOR SPEAKING: FASHION MATTERS

  • Clothes: suit, sweatshirt, polo shirt.
  • Footwear: boots, sandals, trainers.
  • Jewellery: bracelet, earrings, necklace, ring.
  • Headgear: hood, helmet, hat, baseball cap.
  • Materials: woollen, leather, cotton, silk, polyester, suede, fur.
  • Appearance: casual, smart, untidy, scruffy (old, dirty and untidy), fashionable. PHRASAL VERBS FOR “FASHION AND CLOTHES”: put on → get dressed “it’s really chilly here, put on some warm clothes”. take off sth / take sth off → (REMOVE) get undressed “don’t take off your jacket yet”. try on → put on some clothes to test to fit “before I buy it, I’d like to try it on ”. add to sth → (PUT WITH) to put something with something else. cut down → reduce. dress up → (FORMAL) wear smarter clothes than usual. fit in with → if one thing fits in with another thing, they look pleasant together or are suitable for each other. go out → go somewhere for entertainment. keep up (with sb/sth) → understand something that is changing fast. pull on sth / pull sth on → to put on clothes, especially quickly. put together sth / put sth together → (JOIN PARTS) create something by joining or combining different things. save up sth / save sth up → (MONEY) keep money for something in the future. slip on sth / slip sth on → put something on quickly. stand out → (NOTICE) be easy to be see or notice. take back sth / take sth back → (THING) return something. PHRASAL VERBS WITH “GO”: go away → (LEAVE) to leave a place. go away → (HOLIDAY) to leave your home in order to spend time in different places. go ahead → (PERMISSION) something that you say to someone to give them permission to do something. go back → to return to a place where you were or where you have been before. go for sth → (CHOOSE) choose something. go in → to enter a place. go on → (HAPPEN) to happen. go on → (CONTINUE) to continue to happen or exist. go over sth → to talk or think about something in order to explain it or make certain that it is correct. go up → (INCREASE) to become higher in level. go down → (BECOME LESS) to become lower in level.

go down → (SUN) when the sun goes down, it moves down the sky until it cannot be seen any more. go off → (LEAVE) to leave a place and go somewhere else. go off → (STOP WORKING) if a light or a machine goes off, it stops working. go out → (RELATIONSHIP) if two people go out together, they have a romantic relationship with each other. go out → (LIGHT / FIRE) if a light or something that is burning goes out, it stops producing light or heat. go out → (LEAVE) to leave a room building, especially in order to do something for entertainment. IDIOMS WITH CLOTHES WORDS: as comfortable as an old shoe = feel very comfortable. have / get something up your sleeve = have a secret second option you can use to your advantage. be a stuffed shirt = to be a very conservative person. put your socks up = to get ready to improve your work, performance or behaviour. take your hat off = to show admiration. COMPARISON There are various ways of making comparisons in English.

1. Comparative and superlatives adjectives - Regular adjectives of one syllable have forms like these: Adjective Comparative Superlative young young er (the) young est large larg er (the) larg est slim slim mer (the) slim mest Note that if an adjective ends in a single vowel and consonant (not w ), the final letter is doubled, as in “ slim” above. Some common examples are: sad, big, thin, fat, hot, wet. - Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant followed by the letter “y” are formed like this: Adjective Comparative Superlative dirty dirt ier (the) dirt iest Some common examples are: angry, busy, easy, funny, happy, heavy, silly, tiny. - Most other two-syllable adjectives and all longer adjectives from their comparative and superlatives form like this: Adjective Comparative Superlative careful more careful (the) most careful casual more casual (the) most casual outrageous more outrageous (the) most outrageous

Silvana isn’t as smart as Robert. / Silvana isn’t so smart as Robert. Robert isn’t as young as Silvana / Robert isn’t so young as Silvana → ( NOT ) Silvana isn’t as younger as Robert. → ( NOT ) Robert isn’t so older as Silvana.

4. Comparative and superlative adverbs - Comparative adverbs are usually formed by adding “ more” to the existing adverb: commonlymore commonly readilymore readily - Superlative adverbs are usually formed by adding “(the) most” to the existing adverb: commonly(the) most commonly readily(the) most readily - A few adverbs are not formed with “more / most” and consist of a single word for both the comparative and superlative forms. Here are some common examples: badlyworseworst closecloserclosest earlyearlierearliest farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest fastfasterfastest hardharderhardest nearnearernearest wellbetterbest EXAMPLES OF EXAM FOLDER 1: Key word transformations 1. Tim hadn’t expected the concert to the be so good. (BETTER) The concert was BETTER THAN TIM HAD expected. 2. This is the happiest that John has ever been. (HAPPIER) John has never BEEN HAPPIER THAN now. 3. I hadn’t expected to take so long to get to the airport. (LONGER) It took LONGER THAN I HAD EXPECTED to get to the airport. 4. His first novel was better than this one. (GOOD) This novel WAS NOT AS GOOD as the first one he wrote. 5. This summer has much cooler than last year. (COOL) Last summer WAS AS NOT COOL as this year. 6. I’m not as good at math as you. (BETTER) You ARE BETTER AT MATH than me. 7. The course wasn’t as easy as I expected. (MORE) The course WAS MORE DIFFICULT THAN I expected. 8. This exercise is easier than the last one. (HARD) This exercise IS NOT AS HARD AS the last one.

VOCABULARY FOR SPEALING: THE VIRTUAL WORLD

  • fast pace / easy to get into / lots of action / puzzles to solve / single - and multi - players modes / suitable for all ages / great background music / sophisticated graphics. **COLLOCATIONS
  1. solve** → puzzles, a crime, a problem. 2. spend → time, a fortune, money. 3. reach → the pint of…, a conclusion, a goal. 4. take → control, advantage of…, an interest in…, IDIOMS RELATED TO COMPUTERS a silver surfer | boot sth up | spread like a wildfire | a cog in the machine | a dotcom phenomenon.

UNIT 2

ADVERBS

  • Most regular adverbs are formed by adding “ - ly” to a related adjective. quick → quickly / endless → endlessly
  • Adjectives ending in double ll just add “-y” full → fully / colourful → colourfully / beautiful → beautifully
  • However, there are sometimes spelling changes when an adverb is formed in this way. - le becomes “-ly” : gentle → gently / remarkable → remarkably - y becomes “-ily” : easy → easily / cosy → cosily - ic becomes “-ically ”: tragic → tragically / automatic → automatically - ue becomes “-uly” : true → truly
  • Some irregular adverbs do not end in “-ly” : fast, hard, late, well.
  • The adverbs hardly and lately have different meaning from hard and late : I worked hard on the project all day. I hardly had time to stop for a coffee all day. I finished the work late in the evening. I’ve put in some long hours at work lately. A. He rushed to the office because he had woken up late. (not on time) B. What have you being doing lately? (recently) A. She works really hard to support her children. (making a lot of effort) B. She hardly sees her friends nowadays. (almost not)

VOCABULARY: Word formation trick → tricky mess → messy mud → muddy “(soil + water)” ice → icy access → accessible mind → mindless excel → excellent unhelp → unhelpful impress → impressive hope → hopeless colour → colourful sophisticate → sophisticated favour → favourable able → ability popular → popularity electronic → electronically apply → application

WRITING FOLDER 1: Informal letters

UNIT 3

VOCABULARY: TOPIC SET - TRAVEL AND HOLIDAYS

Transport: ferry, yacht, airline, coach. Movement: flight, journey, landing, voyage. Seaside: coast, cliff, shore, harbour. People: holiday-markers, travel agent, crew, backpacker. Accommodation: caravan, bed and breakfast, campsite, hostel. PHRASAL VERBS FOR “TRAVEL AND HOLIDAYS” check in → (HOTEL) to register at your accommodation or to go to the desk at a hotel in order to say that you have arrived, and to get the key to your room.

check in / check into sth → to say who you are when you arrive at a hotel so that you can be given for a key for your room. get away → (HOLIDAY) to go on holiday or to go somewhere to have a holiday, especially because you need to rest. get in → (ARRIVE) to arrive a destination or a place at a particular time. get in → (VEHICLE ARRIVING) If a train or other vehicle gets in at a particular time, that is when it arrives. get in → (ENTER) to succeed in entering a place get in → (BE CHOSEN) to succeed in being chosen or elected. set off → to start or begin a journey. stop over → to stay somewhere for a short time when you are going somewhere else. book sb in / book sb into sth → to arrange for someone to stay at a hotel. check out → to pay and leave accommodation at a hotel after paying your bill. take off → to leave the ground. take off → (AIRCRAFT) If an aircraft takes off, it begins to fly. COLLOCATIONS take: a trip, a plane, a ship, a flight. book: a trip, a hotel, a flight. catch: a plane, a flight. board: a ship, a plane, a flight. get: a plane, a tan, a hotel, a flight. go: skiing, sightseeing. IDIOMS ABOUT TRAVELLING / WITH TRAVEL WORDS have got itchy feet = a strong desire to travel. sail through = do something easily and quickly. we are in the same boat = to be in the same situation. a mile a minute = very fast. hit the road = start a journey. MODALS 1: OBLIGATION, NECESSITY AND PERMISSION

  • Strong obligation: must and have to , have got to* (informal). PRESENT AND FUTURE PAST must have to / have got to had to*
  • Internal obligations. I must always tell the truth to my parents.
  • External obligations. I have to wear a tie to work. She has to hand in her report by Friday. I’ve got to do some homework tonight. We have to present our essay today.
  • Past obligation. Three years ago, I had to wear to a smart outfit to my cousin’s wedding. We were told me had to get a visa before we left on holiday. As soon as I entered college, I had to get a proper haircut, otherwise they probably wouldn't let me in.
  • Rules or laws. You must put on your seatbelt. Drivers must obey traffic signals.
  • Prohibition: mustn’t and can’t PRESENT AND FUTURE PAST mustn’t / can’t couldn’t / was not to (literary)* ✓ These are used when something is forbidden. You mustn’t enter that room, It’s only for teachers. We can’t smoke here. I tried to push the door open, but I couldn’t. it was stuck. She wanted to meet that handsome man again, but it wasn’t to be. OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS PROHIBITION Forbid someone t o do something. (FORBADE, FORBIDDEN) Ban someone from doing something. Not allow someone to do something. Not permit someone to do something. No let someone do something. Note: ✓ Pay attention to the structure of these phrases and the prepositions they take. ✓ The structure can also be used in the passive voice with some changes, as show following: “He wasn’t allowed to enter.” “They were banned from joining the club again.”

EXAMPLES OF EXAM FOLDER 1

1. After the coincident the board of the club decided Mr. White wouldn’t enter again. (FROM) After what happened to Mr. White, he WAS BANNED FROM ENTERING again. 2. I regret no signing up for a marketing course before. (TO) I OUGHT TO HAVE registered for a marketing course before. 3. My parents didn’t permit me to stay up too late watching TV when I was a kid. (WAS) As a child I WASN’T ALLOWED TO watch TV until very late. 4. His father forced him to take his medicine. (MADE) He WAS MADE TO TAKE his medicine by his father. PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION across: the frontier, the avenue. at: used when mention a specific place (at the theatre, at the cinema, etc). in: used to indicate countries or cities (in Spain, In Lima, etc). into: to refer movements (walk into…, go into…, fly into…, jump into…, etc). off: to indicate the place to belong an island off the coast of a country or city.

EXAM FOLDER 2: Word transformation

  • Prefixes satisfied → dis satisfied comfortable → un comfortable patient → im patient honest → dis honest expensive → in expensive happy → un happy legal → il legal responsible → ir responsible possible → im possible appear → dis appear understand → mis understand regular → ir regular moral → im moral Other prefixes: non - stop, un tie, re train, sub way, under line.
  • Suffixes NOUNS - Typical noun suffixes are: - ation, - ion, - ness, - ship, - ity, - ism, - ence,
    • ment, - al. happy → happi ness act → act ion intelligent → intellig ence popular → popular ity approve → appro val friend →friend ship recommend → recommend ation pay → pay ment tour → tour ist / tour ism Note: Not all follow the above pattern. As the following words. true → truth succeed → success die → death high → height ADJETIVES – typical adjectival suffixes are: - ible, - able, - y, - al, - ive, - ful, - less,
    • ous. wind → wind y end → end less attract → attract ive accident → acciden tal hope → hope fu l / hope less value → valu able danger → danger ous access → access ible Examples: 1. There are fundament al problems we need to address first. 2. It’s understand able that you don’t get along with your classmate. You’re total opposites. 3. The fire caused many people to become home less. 4. It was such as dread ful evening! I hated it from the beginning to the end. ADVERBS – Adverbs are usually formed by adding the suffix “-ly” to the adjective. Be careful with spelling. complete → complete ly reasonable → reasonab ly temporary → temporari ly lucky → lucki ly real → real ly
  • To express a function. We can use this this as a hat. - “LIKE” can be used to give examples. I love loud music, like heavy metal.
  • We can use “SUCH AS” to give examples. There are endangered species such as the polar bear which needs stronger protection policies. - We use “LIKE” followed by a noun or pronoun. She sounds like Sarah. It looks like a dragonfly.
  • We use “AS” after certain verbs. r egard as, refer to as, use as, describe as, accept as, treat as. He was known as the football magician. Note: - In British English it is becoming more common to hear “like” followed by a subject and verb. - “like” followed by a subject and verb is acceptable in American English. I don’t speak very fast like He does. He wasn’t sick for long time like She was. They don’t have too time like I have.
  • We use “AS” followed by “SUBJECT + VERB” I didn’t do it as you did.
  • “AS” is used in prepositional phrases. At my school as at most schools, pupils were expected to respect their teachers.

EXAMPLES OF EXAM FOLDER 1 WITH “AS” AND “LIKE”

1. A lot of people thought Mike was the best candidate for the coming elections. (AS) Mike WAS REGARDED AS the best candidate for the coming elections. 2. I had a dish yesterday and its taste reminded me of a pizza. (LIKE) The dish I tried yesterday TASTED LIKE A PIZZA. COMPOUND NOUNS What do call someone who…? A. Writes with her / his left hand? → left-handed B. Usually has a bad temper? → bad-tempered C. Has blue eyes? → blue-eyed D. Has a narrow mind? → narrow-minded E. Has a sharp tongue? → sharp-tongued

  • → it’s called a hyphen.
  • In some compound nouns, a preposition comes in the second part. A. A drive-in cinema. B. A phone-in programme. C. A well-off family. 1. A person who’s short of money → hard-up person 2. A building which is in poor condition → run-down building 3. Total attack → all-out attack 4. A bus which doesn’t work → broken-down bus
  • How can you make compound nouns in these situations? A. A journey that took two hour s. → a 2- hour journey. B. A book which costs 100 euro s. → a 100- euro book. C. A man who is 70 year s old. → a 70- year - old man. D. A class which holds 25 student s. → a 25- student class. VOCABULARY: Parts of animals Examples:
  • parrot: beak, feathers, tail, wing.
  • bear: fur, paw.
  • tiger: fur, paw.
  • rhino: horn. EXPRESSIONS WITH “TIME” 1. kill time → do something for entertainment or not to let time pass. 2. have a good time 3. tell the time 4. spend time 5. pass the time → when time passes. 6. take time off → find free time reducing the time you spend working. 7. waste time → when you waste time doing something. 8. ten times three → 10 x 3 9. one at a time → one by one. 10. from time to time → occasionally. 11. a time when → a certain time where something happens. 12. time for breakfast / lunch 13. in time → as the time it was expected. 14. at times → as the time it was expected. 15. (four) times as much → 4x

EXAMPLE:

get got got hear heard heard hit hit hit hold held held keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lose lost lost put put put run ran run say said said see saw seen send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shut shut shut sink sank sunk speak spoke spoken spend spent spent swim swam swum take took taken tell told told think thought thought REVIEW OF PAST TENSES

  • Past simple: this is used to talk about events in the past which: - occurred at a particular time. This indicates a completed action in the past with a fixed time phrase. The titanic sank in 1912. I drove back from Lima las night. - happened regularly. Luis spent most weekends at tennis tournaments. She burst into tears every time she heard his name. Note that “would” and “use to” are also used to talk about the past in this way.
  • Past continuous: this is used to talk about events in the past which: - had a longer duration than another action. I was cutt ing up vegetables in the kitchen when I heard it on the six o’clock news. - Were temporary. Norwich were los ing two-nil, with only five minutes to go. It is also used to set the scene in a story.
  • Present perfect tense: this used to talk about events or a period of time which: - started in the past but are still true or are still continuing. We’ve lived here for eight years. Rosy has eaten no meat since she was six. - happened in the past but have an effect in the present. They’ve cancelled tonight’s concert so we’ll have to do something else. I’ve heard from Santiago again.
  • Past perfect tense: this is used to talk about events which: - happened earlier than something else. Ken sat in the dark miserably and thought about what he had said to his girlfriend. Once I had finished my exams, I started clubbing again. Note that the past perfect needs to be used when it is important to show a time difference. GRAMMAR STRUCTURE OF PAST TENSES Past simple Subject + past verb Q? → (did / didn’t) Past continuous Subject + was / were + - ing form Present perfect tense Subject + have / has + past participle Past perfect tense Subject + had + past participle PHRASAL VERBS WITH “KEEP” keep (sb) in → to make a child stay inside as a punishment, or to make someone stay in hospital. keep (sb/sth) away → to not go somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something. keep down (sth) OR keep (sth) down → (NO INCREASE) to stop the number, level, or size of something from increasing. keep on (doing sth) → to continue to do something, or to do something again and again. keep to (sth) → (NOT CHANGE PLANS) to do what you have promised or planned to do or stay with something such as a plan, subject, path. keep up (with sb / sth) → (SAME SPEED) to move at the same speed as someone or something that is moving forward so that you stay level with them. keep up (with sb / sth) → (UNDERSTAND) to be able to understand or deal with something that is happening or changing very fast. WORD FORMATION fascinate → fascinating, possible → impossible, argue → argument, life → living. end → endlessly, person → personal, understand → misunderstandable. science → scientist(s), hunt → hunter(s).