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Unit 2 Intelligent Agents
1.1 Reading about Intelligent Agents
You are going to read some texts and then answer the questions:
- What is the primary function of the utility-based agent? a) Improving its thought processes. b) Reaching its intended goal. c) Making the best choice. d) Delivering actuator data.
- How is data used after it is acquired by a utility-based agent? a) To examine available options. b) To do a pre-determined action. c) To complete one set task. d) To direct the goals it sets.
- What executes the action in a utility- based agent? a) The actuator b) The adapter c) The sensor d) The defector
- How does a utility-based agent differ from a goal-based agent? a) It is more focused on the goal itself. b) It considers more than one option. c) It considers only one option. d) It doesn't persist toward a goal.
- How do utility agents gather data about the world around them? a) Through sensors b) Through guessing c) Through actuators d) Through user data
- In order for an agent to operate in an environment, it must receive data using ____________. a) Factors b) Reactors c) Sensors d) Actuators
- The agent's role in the environment incorporates all of these EXCEPT which? a) Acts b) Perceives c) Operates d) Deletes
- What does a utility-based agent do? a) It incorporates the desirability of the outcome. b) It establishes a goal for the agent to reach. c) It creates a more user-friendly interface. d) It learns more as it incorporates more information. 9. Which of these types of intelligent agents relies only on current conditions, making no use of historical data? a) Simple reflex b) Utility-based c) Goal-based d) Learning 10. What is the purpose of an intelligent agent? a) To respond based on the environment around it. b) To determine whether an answer is right or wrong. c) To acquire vast amounts of searchable data. d) To facilitate easier human-to-computer interactions. 11. Model-based agents use which of these things to make decisions about how to act: a) Internal memory b) External memory c) Plastic models d) User entry 12. What differentiates a model-based reflex agent from a simple reflex agent? a) A simple reflex agent is more sophisticated. b) A model-based agent can incorporate percept history. c) A simple reflex agent only looks at percept history. d) A model-based agent relies only on current understanding. 13. When a self-driving car needs to brake, which of these is useful as part of its model-based agent? a) Recognizing car brake lights ahead of it. b) Starting an internal countdown clock. c) Assessing traffic lights in another town. d) Examining where the car next to it is. 14. What purpose does percept history serve in how model-based agents act? a) It allows the agent to better understand its current environment. b) It allows the agent to make decisions with user input. c) It allows the agent to react only if a certain criteria is met. d) It allows the agent to proceed toward its predetermined goal.
- Intelligent agents _____ their environment and then _____. a) Trace, suggest modifications b) Ignore, predict behaviors c) Observe, take action d) Sense, self-destruct
- Which component of a learning agent is responsible for gathering feedback? a) The performance element b) The learning element c) The critic element d) The problem generator
- A self-driving car that understands road conditions and traffic signals represents which component of the learning agent? a) The problem generator b) The performance element c) The critic element d) The learning element
- What role does the problem generator play in a learning agent? a) It delivers feedback suggestions. b) It performs initial operations. c) It suggests new experiences. d) It questions agent responsibilities.
- The _____ takes the feedback from the critic element and figures out how to make the action better next time. a) Learning element b) Critic element c) Performance agent d) Learning agent
- How does a learning agent ''learn''? a) By forgetting past outcomes and focusing on future plans. b) By gathering feedback and finding new experiences for an action. c) By being programmed with all possible solutions and outcomes. d) By relying on human intervention to foresee new experiences.
- Which of these might be an example of a goal-based agent? a) A copy of a magazine. b) A drive-thru menu board. c) A grocery store check-out. d) A GPS with a destination.
- What does a goal-based agent do that a model-based agent doesn't? a) It assesses its current environment. b) It works toward a specific outcome. c) It predicts future behaviors or outcomes. d) It relies only on memory percepts.
- Targeting a goal ahead and finding the right actions in order to reach it is a concept known as _____ to a goal-based agent. a) Search and destroy b) Search and planning c) Plan and attack d) Prepare and plan
- How does a goal-based agent arrive at its goal? a) By reacting reflexively to it. b) By reflecting on the world around it. c) By taking steps toward achieving it. d) By skipping ahead straight to it.
- A goal-based agent is more _____ than a simple reflex agent or even a model-based agent. a) Important b) Accurate c) Flexible d) Inflexible
- How does the ''condition-action rule'' work with a simple reflex agent? a) Conditions mean nothing and rules are made to be broken. b) When a condition is met, the agent overrides certain rules. c) When a condition is met, the agent acts based on the rule. d) When rules are established, they are based on actions.
- How does a simple reflex agent differ from other types of intelligent agents? a) It cannot process its current environment. b) It cannot think or modify its behavior. c) It cannot accomplish a goal. d) It cannot follow pre-selected rules.
- What is a simple reflex agent? e) A program that predicts future behaviors and acts. f) A program that acts based on its current environment. g) A program that can adapt to its environment. h) A program that aligns itself to changing goals.
- How is a robotic vacuum an example of a simple reflex agent? a) It cleans all floors, both clean and dirty. b) It sucks up debris when it finds dirty floors. c) The robotic vacuum is not a simple reflex agent. d) It doesn't require human control or interaction.
- In the case of a human being pulling his or her hand away from a dangerous flame, which part of that equation would be considered the condition in a typical ''condition-action rule?'' a) Moving your hand. b) Being a human being. c) Being in a hot atmosphere. d) The dangerous flame.
Teleportation
What is happening in the video?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxKJyeCRVek
What is Teleportation?
The goal of teleportation is to take any object that is placed in Box A and move it to Box B.
1.3 Listening: Transporters and Quantum Teleportation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAaHHGHuy1c
My good friend CGP Grey has made a great video about the practical and philosophical (1)_______________ with teleportation. In (2)_______________ the concern that when a transporter (3)_______________ the atoms in your body and (4)_______________ an identical arrangement of atoms (5)_______________ perhaps the disassembled view actually dies and the reassembled view is actually a new (6)_______________ that just thinks it's you. And if they simply hadn't dismantled the original you then there’d be now two “you’s” in the universe and which is really you? You, or the teleported you? Grey’s video covers these questions really well so if you (7)_______________ more (8)_______________ you should go (9)_______________ that, but I do have one additional piece of information I'd like to (10)_______________ out, something the original creators of Star Trek were definitely (11)_______________ of because it was discovered in the 1990s. And that, is quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation is the only kind of real teleportation technology we (12)_______________ have access to (13)_______________ while I won't go into the details here the point is you can take some particles in a particular arrangement, and transfer their exact quantum condition onto other particles arbitrarily far away. It kind of seems like sad teleportation (14)_______________ the particles don't move, just their state - but isn't that essentially what a Star Trek teleporter does, (15)_______________ a larger scale? Sending enough information and energy over to the new location to create the exact arrangement, or (16)_______________ of particles that corresponds to “you“? And quantum teleportation has one (17)_______________ property: it is impossible to create an (18)_______________ copy of a quantum state without destroying the original - in fact you have to destroy the original arrangement (19)_______________ extract all the necessary information from it to construct the new teleported state. The relevant theorem in quantum mechanics is called the “no-cloning” theorem. Now, we don't yet know exactly how brains work to create consciousness, but if the quantum states of some electrons somewhere in the brain are critical to perfectly determining and thus copying “you“, then a teleporter would necessarily have to obey the rules of quantum teleportation when sending the information about the (20)_______________ of particles that are “you“ to the new location, so whatever was left behind would definitively not be “you“.
In pairs, discuss whether this will be safe and the only quick way to cross the
universe and travel between planet and galaxies. Can you think of any other way to
travel across the universe?
1.4 Vocabulary: Suffixes, Idioms & Word Groups
1. Look at these verbs and think of their related nouns (some are in the listening text): accept, active, affiliate, arrange, behave, conform, continue, create, crime, define, expose, inform, intense, press, propose, refuse, save, secure
Vocabulary: Idioms with mind
2. Match idioms 1-8 with their meanings a)-h). 1. bear/keep sb/sth in mind 2. cross one’s mind 3. have/keep an open mind 4. in two minds 5. make up (your) mind 6. out of (your) mind 7. peace of mind 8. to my mind a) a feeling of calm and not worried b) an idea occurs to someone (transiently) c) crazy, nuts, insane d) decide (for yourself) e) deliberately not form an opinion f) in my opinion, in my view g) to remember or think about someone or something when you are doing something h) unable to decide what to do 3. Complete the sentences with the idioms. 1. I can’t _________________ about what to do with the money. 2. Having insurance gives you _________________, if you have a car crash. 3. It is important to ____________________ when you are a teacher. 4. You must be ________________________ to give up such a good job.
- I was ______________________ applying for the job. The money is good but I have to live in Denmark.
Vocabulary: Sporting Idioms
The following are based on football: Ball, ball, boot, eye, field, game, goal, goalposts
- Be on the _________ definition:
- Move the _________ definition:
- Take your _________ off the ball definition:
- A level playing _________ definition:
- A whole new ball __________ definition:
- Score an own _____________ definition:
- Start the ______________ rolling definition:
- They lost the match. To __________, Chris got injured. definition:
1.5 Reading: Teleportation
Insert the following words into the spaces: Been, behaviour, describing, entangled, followed, landmark, link, loads, major, quantum states, quantum wiring, qubits, reports, sent, teleport, teleportation, third, transporters , ultra-fast, whereby Teleportation breakthrough made By Paul Rincon, BBC News Online science staff Scientists have performed successful (1)______________ on atoms for the first time, the journal Nature (2)______________. The ability to transfer key properties of one particle to another without using any physical (3)______________ has until now only been achieved with laser light. Experts say being able to do the same with massive particles like atoms could lead to new superfast computers. This development is a long way from the (4)______________ used by Jean-Luc Picard and Captain Kirk in the famous Star Trek TV series. When physicists talk about "teleportation", they are (5)______________ the transfer of "(6)______________" between separate atoms. These would be such things as an atom's energy, motion, magnetic field and other physical properties. And in the computers of tomorrow, this information would form the (7)______________ (the quantum form of the digital bits 1 and 0) of data processing through the machines. Atomic dance What the teams at the University of Innsbruck and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (Nist) did was (8)______________ qubits from one atom to another with the help of a third auxiliary atom. It relies on a strange (9)______________ that exists at the atomic scale known as "entanglement", (10)______________ two particles can have related properties even when they are far apart. Einstein called it a "spooky action". The two groups used different techniques for achieving teleportation, but both (11)______________ the same basic protocol. First, a pair of highly entangled, charged atoms (or ions) is created: B and C. Next, the state to be teleported is created in a (12)______________ ion, A. Then, one ion from the pair - let's say B - is (13)______________ with A. The internal state of both these is then measured and the result (14)______________ to ion C. This transforms the quantum state of ion C into that created for A, destroying the original quantum state of A. The teleportation took place in milliseconds and at the push of a button, the first time such a deterministic mechanism has (15)______________ developed for the process. 'Great potential' The (16)______________ experiments are being viewed as a (17)______________ advance in the quest to achieve (18)______________ computers, inside which teleportation could provide a form of invisible "(19)______________". These machines would be able to handle far bigger and more complex (20)______________ than today's super-computers, and at many times their speed.
Story adapted from BBC NEWS: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/science/nature/3811785.stm Speaking Teleportation is a term that refers to a number of theories and notions concerning the transfer of matter from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. A transporter is a fictional teleportation machine used in the Star Trek universe. Transporters convert a person or object into an energy pattern (a process called dematerialization), then "beam" it to a target, where it is reconverted into matter (rematerialization). Do you think this will be the best way to travel across Space? Give 4 reasons in favour of this kind of transport system and 4 reasons against. FOR
1. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________ AGAINST 1. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________ Sentence 1: Teleportation is a transport system. Sentence 2: Teleportation may help to transport people across space over very long distances. The two sentences joined together by using a relative clause. Teleportation is a transport system, which may help to transport people across space over very long distances.
We can't omit the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause. I'd like you to meet Steve, who used to be my boss. I'd Iike you to meet Steve, used to be my boss. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Non-defining relative clauses give us extra information which can be left out without affecting the main meaning of the sentence. They are more common in written English. The author lives in Oxford. The author, who is elderly, lives in Oxford. These clauses have a comma before the clause, and after it if necessary. Don't use that in non- defining relative clauses. My new TV, that I bought last week, is broken. My new TV, which I bought last week, is broken. In both spoken and written English, we can use a non-defining clause to add a comment or opinion about the action or situation in the main clause. Everyone failed the test, which was really unfair. Look at the clauses you have underlined. Identify which are defining and which are non-defining clauses, then choose the correct options below. Defining / Non-defining relative clauses give us extra information which can be left out without affecting the main meaning of the sentence. Defining / Non-defining relative clauses are necessary to complete the meaning of a sentence or identify someone or something.
2. Now complete the rules about relative clauses with the words below. After, before, defining, non-defining, that, which, who, whom 1. ______________________ relative clauses have commas around them. 2. We use _________________ instead of who after prepositions. 3. We use _____________________ (not that) after prepositions. 4. Prepositions come ____________________ the relative clause in formal English. 5. We often omit the relative pronoun __________________ (or who/which) when it is the object of the clause. 3. Combine the information to make one sentence using a relative clause. 1 That's the man. I met him yesterday. That's ______________________________________________________ 2 This is the DVD player. It doesn't work very well. This is ______________________________________________________ 3 Janine is the woman. Her house was destroyed in the earthquake. Janine ______________________________________________________
4 My sister lives in an old house. She's a doctor. My _________________________________________________________ 5 This is the computer game. I told you about it. This is ______________________________________________________ 6 The course is very difficult. It began in September. The ______________________________________________________
4. Match the main clauses with relative clauses below. Rewrite them as one sentence. Example: We are seeking a counsellor to whom we can refer special cases_._ (1-f) 1 We are seeking a counsellor. 2 Even the bullies were crying. 3 Kurt Lewin fled to the USA from Germany. 4 Teenagers like to turn for advice to other young people. 5 People will follow someone else's lead first. 6 The type of peer pressure is never good 7 Peers are the individuals 8 We took all the teenagers to the seaside. 9 The bullying problem has now been solved. a about which we had a lot of discussion b which made a good break for them c that leaves you feeling confused or hurt d who are easily influenced e which was surprising f to whom we can refer special cases g with whom a child or adolescent identifies most h who they sympathise with i who many see as the father of social psychology 5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word in bold to make relative clauses. 0 I’ve never been here before. that It’s the first time _ that I’ve been ___________ here. 1 The results were very good. This was unexpected. which The results were ________________________unexpected. 2 The solution was in Dr Smith’s notes. He left them in his office. by The solution was in the notes ________________________ his office. 3 In the last programme they talked about Malaria. You need to see it. which You need to see the last programme________________________about Malaria. 4 My daughter was ill last night. It made it impossible for us to come. making My daughter was ill last night, ________________________ for us to come. 5 Myers Corp has been very successful this year. It is owned by Jon Myers. which Myers Corp ________________________Jon Myers, has been very successful this year. 6 You’ve been talking to someone and I know who it is. talking I know the person who ________________________.
