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www.fustersauraoposiciones.com We need to make clear to the reader how the various parts of your paragraph are connected. The information in the paragraph must flow easily from one sentence to the next. To do this, it is important to structure your information clearly and signal exactly what you want to say by the use of signalling words. Notice that signalling words do not always start a sentence. The following table is intended as a guide to which signalling words should be used in which context. ADDITION Also, apart from this, as well as, besides, furthermore, in addition, additionally, in addition to this, moreover, not to mention the fact that, nor, not only... but also, too, what is more, on top of this, both …and, on top of that, and to top it all, … Listing a point : first, first of all, to start/begin with, secondly, last but not least… Negative addition : neither … nor REASON / RESULT accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, because (of this), consequently, for this reason, hence, in order to, owing to this, due to the fact that, seeing that, so, so that, therefore, this leads to, thus, that is why, as, because, since, so, … COMPARISON / SIMILAR IDEAS in comparison, in the same way, likewise, similarly … PURPOSE So that, so as to,... in order to, with the purpose / intention of… CONDITION if, in that case, provided that, providing that, on condition that, as long as, only if, in the event of, unless… CONTRAST / OPPOSITE IDEAS although, even though, but, despite, in spite of, even so, however, in contrast, in spite of this, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, whereas, yet, while/whereas, regardless of, by contrast … EMPHASIS Adverbs : naturally, clearly, obviously, of course, needless to say, chiefly, especially, importantly, indeed, in detail, in particular, mainly, notably, particularly SIMILARITY Similarly, likewise, in the same way, by the same token, in the same line, in like manner sj
- vb … EXAMPLES for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows, like, particularly, in particular, especially, by way of example, this goes to illustrate, as an illustration, … TO EXPRESS REALITY In fact, as a matter of fact, indeed, actually, the fact of the matter is that, …
CONNECTING IDEAS WITHIN SENTENCES AND SENTENCES
WITHIN PARAGRAPHS (SIGNALLING)
www.fustersauraoposiciones.com EXPLANATION / EQUIVALENCE in other words, namely, or rather, this means, to be more precise GENERALISATION as a rule, for the most part, generally, in general, normally, on the whole, in most cases, usually, by and large, generally speaking, in general terms, by rule of thumb, broadly speaking, as a whole… STATING THE OBVIOUS clearly, naturally, obviously, surely CLARIFY In other words, that is to say, to put it another way EXCEPTION Except for, but, apart from, aside from this, … SUMMARY / CONCLUSION finally, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, overall, to conclude, in short, briefly to put it briefly, summing up, in a nutshell, to cut it short… TO REFER TO OTHER SOURCES With reference to, according to, as for, as far as … is concerned, regarding, concerning, with respect to, with regard to, in regard to, in reference to, on that note, as regards … SUPPORT actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed ALTERNATIVE Alternatively, on the other hand, either…or, …, conversely, TIME / ORDER at first, eventually, finally, first(ly), in the first/second place, initially, lastly, later, next, prior to, second(ly), thereafter, before all else… PARTIALLY TRUE STATEMENTS To a certain / some extent, to a certain degree, in a way, in a sense, up to a point, … CONCLUSION Finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account/consideration, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, on balance, for the above mentioned reasons, to sum up, in a nutshell, after all is said and done, that being said… Another useful way to show the connection between the ideas in a paragraph is to start the second or subsequent sentence with a phrase such as ‘this problem’ , ‘this factor’ or ‘this situation’. This kind of phrases help provide a connection by summarising the previous sentence. Students often struggle to provide adequate links between sentences. This problem can be overcome easily. The use of ‘this problem’ clearly relates to ‘struggling to provide adequate links between sentences’, which has been replaced by this linking phrase. Using ‘this’ or ‘these’ with one such noun is useful in showing the connection between sentences. Other nouns typically used in this way are: account advice answer argument area assertion assumption claim comment conclusion criticism description difficulty discussion distinction emphasis estimate example explanation finding idea improvement increase observation proof proposal reference rejection report rise situation suggestion view warning
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- As was mentioned in the previous section, …
- Returning (briefly) to the (subject/issue) of X, …
- As explained in the first part, it is clear that …
- As was pointed out in the introduction to this paper, … Moving from one section to the next
- Turning now to …
- Let us now turn to …
- Let us now consider …
- Moving on now to consider …
- Before proceeding to examine X, it is important to …
- Before explaining these concepts, it is necessary to …
- Having defined what is meant by X, we will now move on to discuss …
- So far this paper has focused on X. The following section will discuss …
- This section has demonstrated that … It is now necessary to explain the course of …
- Having discussed X, the final section of this paper addresses ways of …
- This section has analysed the causes of X and has argued that … The next part of this paper will …
- On a different note / subject
- This leads us to
- This brings us to the idea/question of …
- This paves the way for
- This is intimately connected with
- Intertwine
- Interweave
- Tie up with
- Link up with
- Be bound up with
- Switching to
- Adverbs: Naturally, surprisingly, obviously, indeed, fortunately, unfortunately, increasing (Increasingly, students taking a degree…) Moving from one section to another with contrast
- Unlike Halliday, Hasan (2009) has argued …
- In contrast to Halliday, Hasan (2009) maintains …
- Despite this, little progress has been made in the …
- However, this system/theory also has a number of serious drawbacks.
- On the other hand, in spite of these recent findings about the role of …, Summarising a section
- Thus far, this section has argued that …
- The previous section has shown that …
- To conclude this section, the literature identifies …
- This section has reviewed the three key aspects of …
- In summary, it has been shown from this review that …
- This section has described …
- This section has attempted to provide a brief summary of the literature relating to … This chapter began by describing X and arguing that … It went on to suggest that
www.fustersauraoposiciones.com the … In this section, it has been explained that … The chapter that follows moves on to consider the… The important point here is that paragraphs should not be standing in isolation. Do not expect your reader to make the connection in your ideas, but make those connections explicit. This way, the reader will be led in a logical order through your argument and will be reminded of your current theme or angle.
