Discourse Markers, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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SOCIAL AND CONTEXTUAL

FUNCTIONS OF GRAMMAR

IN SPOKEN ENGLISH

PRAGMATIC MARKERS

Items which mark speakers’ personal meanings, their

organizational choices, attitudes and feelings.

 DISCOURSE MARKERS Structure and organize the discourse, monitor the state of the unfolding talk.  STANCE MARKERS Express speakers attitudes and positions.  HEDGES Enable the speakers to make their utterances less assertive.  INTERJECTIONS Encode The speakers’ affective reactions.

Functions:

1. Marking statements as assumed shared knowledge uncontroversial or logically linked. (You’ve got high rises, you’ve got terrace houses, you know? Bungalows on the edge and everything) 2. Marking the statement following as a clarification or extension of the previous one. (She hasn’t got that programme on her computer, but she can load it from the disks. I mean, am I authorized to let these disks go outside the company?) 3. Marking the listener’s satisfactory reception (I think we should go the garden centre first. Right? That’s fine by me) 4. Marking a shift in the projected or expected direction of the discourse (I need you to sign there. Thank you Well, the weather’s turned up today anyway)

5. Marking a transition from one part of the dialogue to another. (Now, would you like to select another service?) 6. Marking a phase of talk and/or a shift to a new topic. (She underwent surgery to her stomach but she has come back unable to swallow. Now, we did lots of tests on her and it’s pretty obvious she’s ill back again) 7. Marking confidentiality. (I just need to confirm that progress is satisfactory. See, my worry is, is the feeling, my worry is, is whether you like what I’m doing or not) 8. Focusing on some important upcoming ideas. (You’re going to wear them. No. I don’t like them. Look, it’s our wedding.) 9. Focusing on what the speaker feels is important. (I wanted to ask you something. What was it? Listen, we’ve been talking about this for ages. We need a decision.) 10. Marking topic boundaries and linking segments. (…if you haven’t gone to bed, you can ring me back. Okay, bye bye)