Scarica Essay tips and stucture e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity!
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
INTRODUCTION
Definition They modify a verb (either finite or non-finite), an adjective, an adverb or another clause.
e.g.: Don’t start before the machine is ready for operation
functioning until the transmission was completed, the link provided an optimum
performance
The portable was simpler than it was expected / The programmer worked harder than
he ever did before
As it turned out, the satellite did not fulfil safety requirements
CLAUSES OF TIME
Main conjunctions : WHEN, WHENEVER, BEFORE, AFTER, UNTIL, SINCE/EVER SINCE, ONCE, AS, NOW THAT, AS SOON AS…, AS LONG AS, THE MOMENT…, DIRECTLY, WHILE. NO SOONER …..THAN….: She’d no sooner switched on the tv than there was an enormous explosion.
When the line is engaged, the hold-on mode is automatically assigned
Signals were modified as they entered the first multiplexor
Now that the research connected with the telecommunications field is advancing so
fast, work prospects are also increasing
CLAUSES OF PLACE
They answer the question “Where?”. Conjunctions WHERE, WHEREVER
Answer “yes” or “no” where appropriate: Wherever possible, all parts should be tested
CLAUSES OF CONDITION
These clauses give the circumstances under which the statement of the main clause will take place or be true, i.e., they state the dependence of one circumstance or set of circumstances on another. Main conjunctions: IF (positive cond.), UNLESS (negative cond.), PROVIDED THAT, PROVIDING, SUPPOSED, SUPPOSING (mostly connected with questions), SO LONG AS, AS LONG AS, SO THAT, ON CONDITION THAT.
e.g.: If the international line is engaged, you must replace the handset and try again
Unless it works properly, results will be unreliable (If it doesn’t work properly,
results...)
Supposing the teacher saw you cheating, what would you do?
You will be given the prize provided (that) your project is a novelty
The director will phone you on condition that you make an appointment previously
(Notice that the “comma” is compulsory whenever the subordinate comes first) CLAUSES OF CONCESSION or CONTRAST Closely associated to conditionals, except that they imply a contrast between two circumstances. Principal conjunctions: (AL)THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, WHILE, WHEREAS. ‘Although’ as a subordinator is approximately the equivalent of ‘but’ as a co- ordinator. The conjunction EVEN IF implies an overlap between conditional and concessive clauses. WHILE and WHEREAS often point to a contrast between comparable things.
e.g.: We will do our best, although we are not keen.
Whereas services haven’t been paid their due attention, the impact of technology is
constantly in the news.
PCs are used everywhere, while Macs are mainly restricted to the office environment.
CLAUSES OF REASON OR CAUSE
They give the reason for the activity expressed in the main clause. Main conjunctions: BECAUSE, SINCE, AS... SEEING THAT; IN THAT…, INSOFAR AS; INASMUCH AS… (slightly formal, they are used to justify what one has said); FOR
Seeing that we’re agreed, we might as well go ahead
He’s rather untrustworthy, in that he usually forgets he owes you money
This product is guaranteed inasmuch as we’ll replace it if you return it within thirty
days CLAUSES OF PURPOSE They state the finality of the action expressed by the main verb. Mainly introduced by: IN ORDER THAT/TO, IN ORDER FOR (+ noun), SO (THAT), SO AS TO... ; Very often they occur in the form of a full infinitive (as it happened with conditionals).
e.g.: The program was scanned so that unknown viruses could be found.
We left the device connected in order for the staff to access relevant information
whenever required.
He destroyed the papers so that no one might see them.
To open the carcass, you have to press down the button.
CLAUSES OF RESULT
They state what has happened (or may happen) as the result of the action or state expressed by the main clause. Principal conjunctions: SO.....THAT, SO (THAT), SUCH.....THAT, SUCH (THAT). In SUCH A WAY/IN SUCH A WAY AS TO….
e.g.: We introduced the necessary changes so that the operations gave the expected
result.
6. Adverbial elements of place: ‘Inside the room lay scattered the basic elements employed for propulsion, sensing and control. Among them was the latest microprocessor’ NON-FINITE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
• Finite verb forms show tense, person and number ( I go, she goes, we went, etc.)
- Non-finite verb forms do not show tense, person or number:
- Infinitive forms (to+ infinitive)
- Bare infinitive
- Subjunctive
- participles PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES
- -ing forms (present participles)
- RELATIVE CLAUSES
The man sitting on the sofa over there is Simon’s brother.
- CLAUSES of TIME + conjunction After, before, since, while, on
After speaking to him, I decided to buy the car
I didn’t like him on first meeting him
3) CLAUSES OF REASON
Being happy with my result, I decided to go out and celebrate
Knowing that he would not call me, I called him
4) CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
While fully understanding your problem, we can’t help you
Rather than doing that, I’ d do anything else
NB Participle clauses at the beginnining of a sentence need to share the
subject with the primary clause
While fully understanding your problem, we can’t help you ( We is the subject
of the independent clause and of the participle clause)
Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to by the house very cheap
( incorrect, it looks like I am the one in a dilapidated condition)
PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
1) RELATIVE CLAUSES
Her books, read all over the world, focus on the problem of…
2) CONCESSION CLAUSES
Although intended to be a nice surprise, the party was a disaster
3) CONDITIONALS
These accusations, if confirmed by the prosecutor, are going to be a serious issue for
the defendent.
NB: PAST PARTICIPLES ARE PASSIVE
ING FORM
Present Participles = - ing form of a verb used as a subordinate clause VS Gerundives = - ing form of a verb used as a NOUN GERUNDIVES Are either subjects, objects, or part of a complement in a clause:
I like gardening / I hate boxing / Too much eating is not good for you / Do you mind my
smoking?
I appreciate your taking the time to read our report
- ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES AFTER VERBS
VERB + ing form admit finish miss appreciate involve postpone avoid keep practice be worth mention propose consider mind risk delay dislike detest imagine can't help enjoy prevent fancy recall forgive resent feel like understand We always use -ing forms after verbs that are followed by prepositions (insist on, succeed in, apologise for); after phrasal verbs (keep on; give up; put off; look forward to) VERB + to+infinitive agree hope promise appear intend refuse
become famous? Discuss, giving specific examples to support your point of view.
- Every generation of people is different from the previous one. What is one important way in which your generation is different from your parents’ generation? How will this difference affect your country or culture? Give specific details and reasons to support your viewpoint.
- It has been said that teaching creates all other professions. How important are the following qualities in a teacher: high qualifications, leadership qualities, and an altruistic love for their students? Which do you consider to be the most important? Give examples and explanations to support your opinion.
- In many countries, a university education has traditionally included study of classical works of literature, art, theatre and music. However, some teachers and students think that these classics are irrelevant nowadays, and more study would be devoted to popular culture. Do you agree? Support your opinion with reasons and examples.
- In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or of studying at traditional schools. Having had an experience of online teaching, which form would you prefer. Use reasons and specific details to explain your choice.
- Many people choose to learn a foreign language through self-study, that is, using the internet and other resources on their own, without formal instruction. Others believe that it is impossible to become fluent speaker of a foreign language in this way. What are the advantages and disadvantages of self-study methods when it comes to language learning? ANALYSING THE TITLE Being famous means being in the public eye. Celebrities are often chased by press photographers for a photograph that may sell for thousands of dollars to a newspaper or magazine. Some say the photographers have a right to make a living. In your opinion should there be limits on the press when it comes to people’s private lives or do celebrities lose their right to privacy once they become famous? Discuss, giving specific examples to support your point of view.
- Subject/topic: press
- Focus: intrusion in people’s private lives
- Task: compare two opinions, discuss both, and give examples
- Writer’s position: give your opinion INTRODUCTION
• General statement : Popularity enjoyed by many people has the undeniable
drawback of a life lacking in privacy.
• Thesis statement : While some people maintain that professional
photographers are allowed to intrude in celebrities’ lives, others argue that the right of private moments remains undebatable. The truth, however, may be somewhere in the middle. BODY PARAGRAPH - Topic sentences
- Some think that lack of privacy is the price to pay for a life in the spotlight. For example……….; moreover……….; in other words………;
- On the other hand, others suggest that limits should be provided not to cross the line, and respect at least the most private moments of famous people. In fact, ……..; with this regard, a good example might be……. A possible limit might be…..; another aspect which should be taken into consideration is….;
- In my view; in my opinion; my view on this issue is….. I am of the opinion that… In my humble opinion… My thoughts on the matter are that… As far as I am concerned, As far as my opinions on the matter are concerned,… On the whole, I tend to agree with… due to the fact that… CONCLUSION
- «In conclusion, concluding….To sum up, ….» But more in general:
- Your topic sentence should summarize what you said in your thesis statement This suggests to your reader that you have accomplished what you set out to accomplish
- Do not simply restate your thesis statement, as that would be redundant Rephrase the thesis statement with fresh and deeper understanding
- Your conclusion is no place to bring up new ideas
- Your supporting sentences should summarize what you have already said in the body of your essay If a brilliant idea tries to sneak into the final paragraph, you must pluck it out and let it have its own paragraph in the body, or leave it out completely
- Your topic for each body paragraph should be summarized in the conclusion Wrap up the main points
- Your closing sentence should help the reader feel a sense of closure ESSAY TIPS ESSAYS (discoursive essays/papers/summaries) GOALS:
- Being able to construct an argument
- Being able to link points together in a logical sequence
- Using appropriate discourse markers to connect, contrast and balance points What is going to be evaluated?
- Content: This focuses on how well the candidate has fulfilled the task, in other words, if they have done what they were asked to do.
- Communicative Achievement : This focuses on how appropriate the writing is for the task, and whether the candidate has used the appropriate register.
- Organisation : This focuses on the way the candidate puts together the piece of writing, in other words, if it is logical and ordered.
- Language: This focuses on vocabulary and grammar. It includes the range of language as well as how accurate it is. EXAMPLES
- Text is a wellorganised, coherent whole, using a variety of cohesive devices and organisational patterns with flexibility
A double comparative (The more we… the more/ not only but also..) A cleft sentence (What is most crucial is…) effective verbs (but careful with register) Structure checklist for your written assignment - Did you? (vedi esempio nella slide n.
- Use a clear structure in your essay?
- Use topic sentences?
- Use connectors appropriately?
- Were you concise? Are your sentences too long?
- Did you repeat yourself?
- Are introduction and conclusions clear?
