WORD CLASSES
- Nouns
- Adjectives (modificano nouns, includono possessive adjectives like my, your, her..)
- Verbs
- Pronouns (sostituiscono noun/ una frase)
1) Interrogative pronouns, WH words (who, what, when, which > used without a noun, to
ask a question)
2) Numeral pronouns (first, one.. > only when a noun that they determine does not follow
them. “I have five books, you have ten”
3) Personal pronouns (I, you, he/she ecc)
4) Relative pronouns (who, which, that, whose, whom)
5) Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, hers..)
6) Anyone, anybody, everyone
7) Someone, something, nothing, somewhere
- Adverbs (modificano actions, danno informazioni su..)
1) Manner (wisely, fast, quickly)
2) Duration (frequently, often, never)
3) Place (there, abroad)
4) Time (then, now, yesterday)
5) Attitude (fortunately, actually, honestly > these are also called disjunct adverbs)
Quando modificano aggettivi o altri avverbi > degree adverbs (very, so, too, light blue).
Not is also an adverb, as it acts as a verb modifier
- Determiners (introducono un noun per determinare a cosa questo si riferisca)
1) Articles (a, an, the)
2) Demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those)
3) Possessive pronouns (my, mine, yours, his, hers, our, their > “Their dog ate my
food”
4) Numeral pronouns (“Those two children ate six cookies”)
5) Interrogative pronouns (what, which, whose)
6) Quantifiers (any, much, many, all, both > solo se specificano il noun “All tickets
cost..”
- Auxiliaries (have, be, do, can, must, ought, may, might, need/would)
- Conjunctions (introducono subordinate o uniscono coordinate)
1) Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so > FANBOYS +neither, only,
though, even if..)
2) Subordinating conjuctions (conj. That join an independent clause and a dependent
clause: although, after, as for, because, provided that..)
3) Correlative conjunctions (either…or, not only..but, whether…or )
- Complementizers (used to introduce a complement clause, including subordinating
conjunctions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs)
1) While, since, because, although, if, when, so that, as such, before, after, until, as
long as, as soon as, by the time that, once ecc
2) That (can be omitted > “I wish (that) you were here)
- Prepositions (≠ from adverbs, prepositions vanno prima di noun/ adverbs vanno dopo)
Simple prepositions: on, under, before / Complex prepositions: on top of, next to,
according to
1) Place/time (at, in, on, before..)
2) Direction (to, from, into, up, down..)
3) Cause (for)
4) Relationship (of, about, with, like, as, near > “It’s a book about linguistics”)
5) Without, except, despite, towards, until, inside, in spite of
- Particles (word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of
speech, i.e nouns, adverbs, etc Particles don’t change)
1) TO nei verbi all’infinito (“to fly”)
