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Question 1. Which of the following best defines a "system" in systems theory? A) A random collection of unrelated parts B) A set of interrelated components working toward a common goal C) An isolated occurrence with no inputs or outputs D) A fixed physical object with no environment Answer: B Explanation: A system is defined as a set of interrelated components working together to achieve a common purpose, with clear boundaries and interaction with its environment. Question 2. What is the primary function of feedback in a system?
A) To maintain boundaries B) To regulate system behavior C) To increase inputs D) To reduce outputs Answer: B Explanation: Feedback, both positive and negative, helps regulate system behavior by informing adjustments based on performance relative to goals. Question 3. Which of the following is an example of a closed system? A) A sealed aquarium B) An open field ecosystem
Explanation: Open systems interact with their environment by exchanging energy, matter, or information. Question 5. Which type of system behavior is characterized by proportional input-output relationships? A) Non-linear B) Dynamic C) Linear D) Chaotic Answer: C Explanation: Linear systems have proportional input-output relationships, meaning changes in input produce predictable, proportional changes in output.
Question 6. What is a flowchart primarily used for in conceptual modeling? A) To display statistical data B) To represent sequential processes and decisions C) To show hierarchical structures D) To analyze logical fallacies Answer: B Explanation: Flowcharts use symbols to visually represent the sequence of processes and decisions in a system.
B) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) C) Pie chart D) Line graph Answer: B Explanation: ERDs are specifically designed to show how entities relate to each other in databases. Question 9. Which is an example of the ad hominem logical fallacy? A) Attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself B) Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack C) Assuming what you are trying to prove
D) Drawing a conclusion based on limited evidence Answer: A Explanation: Ad hominem attacks target the person rather than addressing the argument they present. Question 10. What distinguishes deductive reasoning from inductive reasoning? A) Deductive reasoning moves from specific to general B) Deductive reasoning guarantees the truth of conclusions if premises are true C) Deductive reasoning relies on observation D) Deductive reasoning cannot be formally expressed Answer: B
Question 12. Which data scale best describes a set of names or categories without any order? A) Ordinal B) Interval C) Ratio D) Nominal Answer: D Explanation: Nominal scales categorize data without any inherent order or ranking. Question 13. Which scale allows for meaningful differences between measurements but lacks a true zero?
A) Ordinal B) Interval C) Ratio D) Nominal Answer: B Explanation: Interval scales have equal intervals between values but no absolute zero, such as temperature in Celsius. Question 14. Which data quality dimension refers to data being up-to- date? A) Completeness B) Timeliness
Explanation: Consistency means data is uniform and does not contradict itself across the dataset. Question 16. What type of sampling ensures each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected? A) Convenience sampling B) Stratified sampling C) Random sampling D) Cluster sampling Answer: C Explanation: Random sampling gives every member an equal probability of selection, reducing selection bias.
Question 17. Which bias occurs when certain groups are systematically left out of data collection? A) Response bias B) Selection bias C) Confirmation bias D) Measurement bias Answer: B Explanation: Selection bias arises when some members are more likely to be included than others, distorting results. Question 18. In database design, what is an "entity"?
D) To add attributes Answer: B Explanation: A key uniquely identifies each record, ensuring data integrity. Question 20. What is data anonymization? A) Removing all data B) Encrypting data for storage C) Modifying data so individuals cannot be identified D) Sharing data with everyone Answer: C
Explanation: Data anonymization alters data to prevent tracing it back to specific individuals, protecting privacy. Question 21. Which stakeholder is primarily responsible for system requirements? A) Users B) Designers C) Owners D) All of the above Answer: D Explanation: All stakeholders—users, designers, and owners—play roles in defining and refining system requirements.
A) Mean B) Median C) Mode D) Range Answer: A Explanation: The mean can be significantly influenced by extreme values, while the median and mode are more robust. Question 24. When is the median a better measure of central tendency than the mean? A) When data is normally distributed B) When data has outliers or is skewed
C) When all values are the same D) When data is ordinal Answer: B Explanation: The median is less affected by outliers and skewed distributions, making it a better choice in such cases. Question 25. What does the mode represent in a dataset? A) The average value B) The middle value C) The most frequently occurring value D) The spread of values Answer: C
