Ap Human Geography Unit 2 Notes, Exams of Geography

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Ap Human Geography Unit 2 Notes Lesson 2.1: Population Distribution Physical Factors: o Climate: Weather patterns over time. People tend to live in more moderate temperature and lower-latitude areas for rainfall o Landforms: Sustainable resources and land type. Good for agriculture? o Water Bodies: Clean water for agriculture use and oneself Cultural Factors: Culture: people Economics: how can | make money? History: events of the past Political: types of government oo0°0 Density is the number of people in a space o Arithmetic: the # of people per square mile of square kilometres (normal density) o Physiological Density: # of people per unit of arable land o Agricultural density: # of farmers per unit of arable land Great example of these uses: Egypt has a majority of its population along the Nile River. 98/square mile is the arithmetic density, but the physiological density is around 7,000 Distribution is the spatial spread of people across a region Lesson 2.2: The Consequences of Population Distribution Demographers study population Population distribution has political, social, and economic consequences The four major population clusters in the world are south Asia, east Asia, European, and the southeast Asian culture. The majority of the world’s population is concentrated in Asia. | A O|Q] © © On the map above, which one of the following boxes is in an area where the population density is high and the level of economic development is low? Ye D) XN 4 India vs. Japan (C vs. D). Answer: India (C) o Almost all population growth is currently concentrated in developing countries © The late 20" century, saw the highest population growth rate in history o Location of people also has environmental consequences. Carrying capacity refers to the relationship between population size and the amount of resources (can the land and water support human life?). This can differ based on farming techniques and other human actions. Lesson 2.3: Population Composition Age structures look at the proportion of the total population in each age group, and are used to create population pyramids. Sex ratio = male/female * 100. It is a ratio of male TO female. o. The standard biological level is 105:100 o Sex ratios tend to be higher at younger ages o This decreases with age and the ratio often flips by middle age Example: China’s one-child policy results in a 114:100 ratio 1.If a country wants to know its NIR it would look at: CBR and CDR. 2.If a population has a higher CDR than CBR its NIR is: negative. 3.If a country has a TFR of 5 you may conclude that it is a: developing country. 4.If a country has a low IMR you may conclude that it is a: developed country. Improvements in medical technology and education lead to a reduction in TFR (total fertility rate) Social factors include healthcare, education, and other social services Cultural factors include societal shifts in attitudes such as the role of women in politics, workforce, and family life Political Factors include pro- or anti-natalist policies which encourage or discourage citizens from having children. This is a way for the government to control population growth by creating incentives, or punishments. Economic Factors: Industrial Revolution, mechanization, shift to cities for work Since the 1970s changes in the social roles, lifestyles, and employment patterns of women in Europe, Canada, and the United States have affected the overall population through which of the following? @ Ine G@) oan ¢ =) a =) ¢ Trend: The more advanced a society, the less children families are having Lesson 2.5: The Demographic Transition Model o Countries in stage 1 of the DTM are in low growth and have extremely high CBR and CDRs due to lack of sanitation and medicine. They have a very low natural increase rate. o Stage 2 countries are in high growth. They have an extremely high CBR and a falling CDR. Very high natural increase rate. This is the stage with the highest rate of natural increase. o Stage 3: moderate growth. They have falling CBRs as women enter the work force and there is rising urbanization. They also have falling CDRs as there are further advancements in medicine. They have a moderate NIR. o Stage 4: low growth. They have very low birth rates and low crude death rates as higher incomes lead to greater health outcomes. The natural increase rate is near or below zero. o Stage 5: declining growth. They have very low birth rates and rising crude death rates due to increased urbanization. They have negative population growth. Demographic Transition Model Stage1 | Slage2 Slage3 | Staye+ | Staged High Birth rate — Death rate —- Total population Time Which of the following countries is best described as being at Stage 3 of the demographic transition model? China: bitth rate = 13, death rate =7 Demecratic Republic of the Congo: birth rate = 44, death rate = 10 Bolivia: birth rate = 24, death rate =7 Ivory Coast: birth rate ~ 87, death rate = 18 Hungary: birth raze = 10, death rate = 13, The Epidemiological Transition Model: helps to explain changes in mortality o Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine. Infectious disease and parasitic diseases, crop failure, animal attacks. This stage has high crude death rates, with an example being the bubonic plague. Definitions: o Endemic stays local 1. Identify and explain TWO reasons why some geographers today believe Malthus’ theory can be used to predict future population issues. IDENTIFY - As awhole, population and food production are growing as Malthus predicted. EXPLAIN - Limited use of contraception - Political, economic, or cultural policies or ideas that promote population growth - Some countries are still in stage 2-3 of the DTM Lesson 2.7: Population Policies 2. Identify and explain TWO reasons why some geographers today believe Malthus’ theory cannot be used to predict future population. IDENTIFY - Population and food production are not growing as Malthus predicted everywhere. EXPLAIN - Widespread use of contraception in MDCs - Political, economic, or cultural policies or ideas that reduce population growth - Some countries are still in stage 4-5 of the DTM Natal- relates to the time and place of one’s birth Pro-natalist are policies that promote birth o Ex: Finland Baby box with clothes and medicine for newborns. Parents get 7 months of PAID leave. o Other countries: Sweden, Norway, Germany, Estonia, Japan Anti-natalist are policies that seek to restrict birth o Ex: China’s One Child Policy (OCP). The negative effects included sex imbalance, violence against females, abortion, and an aging population without support, meaning there was increases pressure for that one child. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China's antinatalist one-child policy? @) A dramatic reduction of the birth rate and a decline of the rate of natural increase rate, resulting in lower population growth. (@) Agricultural families were forced to relocate to the nearest city to search for employment, resulting in increased urban population A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people. A decreased emphasis on education due to the decreasing numbers of school-age children results in a loss of international competitiveness. Lo) () Lesson 2.8: Women and Demographic Change When women are educated, they are better able to care for their children, they have children later in life, and they may choose to have less children to focus on work, When women are employed, they increase household income, and allows them to play more roles in society, allowing a country to advance economically with more contributions to the GDP. Countries can assess the health of women by looking at maternal mortality rate (# of female deaths per 100,000 live births) from any cause related to pregnancy. The lowest rates of MMR are related to more developed countries and better healthcare When more women have reliable access to contraception, birth rates drop. However, this allows women to stay in school or in the workforce for longer periods of time. It can also cause a shift in social dynamics in society as less women are at home caring for families. E.G. Ravenstein developed a theory, known as the Laws of Migration, that notes patterns related to migration. o Gender patterns: women are more likely to move internally within a country. Most international migrants are young males. However, there is a rise in international female migrants today. o Youth and migration: Moth migrants are young adults seeking employment. This cohort is more mobile and less established (families, jobs, etc.) and can move more easily. o. Short Distances: Typically, people only move as far as they must, so migrants typically move short distances (relate to distance decay) o Step Migration: When migrants do travel far distances, they typically do so in steps before making it to the final destination. o Counter Migration: Each migration flow in one direction results in a counter flow in the opposite direction. o Rural to urban: Historically, the biggest migration trend is from rural to urban areas in search of work for economic reasons. However, on a more local scale this may look different compared to the global scale. Forced Migrations are migrations where people have no choice but to leave. Immigrants are people entering a country Emigrants are people leaving a country Slavery is the process of detaining a human against their will including under threat of violence. According to the U.S. State Department, there are 4 types of slavery: debt bondage, domestic servitude (butlers with their passports held away), forced child labour, child soldiers Asylum seekers are refugees who seek protection in another country Transnational migration is when migrants leave a country to enter a different one. Transnational meaning across country borders. Transhumance is a type of migration where livestock are led to highlands areas in summer months and lowland areas in winter months. It is a form of cyclical movement Internal migration includes permanent moves within a country Interregional migration is movement from one region to another Intraregional migration is movement within a region (ex: California to Texas) Chain migration is a movement where there is some type of relationship with a previous migrant, often familial. This eases migration, for example, if you move to a country and marry someone there, you can obtain citizenship more easily. Step migration refers to a series of starts and stops within the migration process. This can involve intervening obstacles and opportunities. Guest workers and remittances: guest workers are temporary migrants who often have legal permission to work in another country. They send money back home in the form of remittances. Rural to urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas to cities Voluntary migration is done by people who voluntarily move due to attractive conditions in the receiving country. Lesson 12.2: Effects of migration Refugees are forced to migrate because of a negative situation like war, disaster, or violence, and flee to a different country An internally displaced person is forced to migrate for similar reasons, but does not cross international borders. Brain drain is a phenomenon used to describe people with higher levels of training and education who move internationally in order to make more money in a different country. Quotas, or limits, are placed by some countries to limit the number of immigrants admitted from certain countries. For example, the United States created a diversity lottery for people coming from countries that historically sent few people to the U.S. Anti-immigrant sentiment is a fear that migrants will change cultural traditions