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APUSH REVIEW QUESTION
ANSWERS
Great-Columbian-/-Biological-Exchange---ans-✔✔Exchange-of-plants-and-animals- between-the-New-World-and-Europe-following-the-discovery-of-America-in-1492. Christopher-Columbus---ans-✔✔Italian-explorer,-sailed-from-Spain-in- 1492 - and-reached- Americas,-greatly-increased-European-awareness-of-the-North-American-Continent Bartolomeo-de-las-Casas---ans-✔✔16th-Century-Spanish-Historian,-Dominican- Friar,-"Protector-of-the-Indians;"-opposed-atrocities-by-colonizers-on-Indigenous-people Spanish-empire---ans-✔✔Empire-control-in-Mexico,-South-America,-and-Florida,-religious- empire;-Franciscans-+-mission-system,-defensive-buffers-vs.-English,-French,-and- Russians.-Economic-empire. French-empire---ans-✔✔Empire-control-in-Canada,-Ohio,-and-Mississippi-River-Valley- with-Louisiana.-Religious:-Jesuits.-Positive-indigenous-relations.-Fur-trade.-Coureurs-du- bois. English/British-Empire---ans-✔✔Exhibited-control-in-the-form-of-dominions,-colonies,- mandates,-and-territories.-Queen-Elizabeth-I-was-a-prominent-ruler-during-the-colonial- period-of-this-empire.-French-Rivalry-+-engaged-in-Columbian-Exchange. Jamestown---ans-✔✔First-permanent-English-settlement;-located-in-Virginia.-Founded-by- London-Company Mayflower-Compact---ans-✔✔Pilgrims/Separatists-agreement:-agreement-to-obey-laws- created-by-the-community-and-a-profession-of-allegiance-to-the-king Chesapeake-colonies---ans-✔✔Term-for-the-colonies-of-Maryland-and-Virginia Virginia-colony---ans-✔✔This-colony-was-founded-in-1607.-First-settlement-was- Jamestown.-Charter-to-stock-company/royal.-Tobacco-was-vital-to-its-survival.
1619 - --ans-✔✔The-year-when-the-first-U.S-representative-assembly-was-established--- House-of-Burgesses-(Jamestown,-Virginia) Bacon's-rebellion---ans-✔✔Colonial-uprising-that-took-place-in- 1676 - in-the-Virginia- colony,-led-by-Nathaniel-Bacon.-Virginians-resented-William-Berkeley's-friendly-policy- towards-Native-Americans.-This-was-the-first-rebellion-in-American-colonies-in-which- discontented-frontiersmen-took-part. Maryland-colony---ans-✔✔Founded-in- 1634 - by-Lord-Baltimore,-founded-to-be-a-place-for- persecuted-Catholics-to-find-refuge,-a-safe-haven,-act-of-toleration Toleration-Act---ans-✔✔Guaranteed-religious-toleration-to-trinitarian-Christians,-but- decreed-the-death-penalty-to-Jews-and-atheists-and-others-who-didn't-believe-in-the- divinity-of-Jesus-Christ, New-England-colonies---ans-✔✔The-term-for-the-colonies-of-Massachusetts-bay,-Rhode- Island,-and-New-Hampshire Massachusetts-Bay-Colony---ans-✔✔Colony-founded-in- 1630 - by-John-Winthrop,-part-of- the-Great-Puritan-Migration,-founded-by-puritans.-Had-a-theocratic-republic.-"City-upon-a- hill" John-Winthrop---ans-✔✔Puritan-governor-of-Massachusetts-Bay-Colony.-Speaker- of-"City-upon-a-hill" "City-upon-a-hill"---ans-✔✔Said-by-Winthrop;-refers-to-the-idea-that-Puritan-colonists- emigrating-to-the-New-World-were-part-of-a-special-pact-with-God-to-create-a-holy- community:-a-model-society-to-the-world/moral-commonwealth Anne-Hutchinson---ans-✔✔Woman-who-challenged-Purtian-religous-authorities-in- Massachusetts-Bay.-Puritan-authorities-banished-her-because-she-challenged-religious- doctrine,-gender-roles.-clerical-authority,-and-claimed-to-have-had-revelations-from-God King-Philip's-war---ans-✔✔1675.-longest-and-bloodiest-conflict-between-settlers-and- natives-in-17th-century,-native-Wampanoags-under-KIng-Phillip-(-Indian-Chieftain)- resisted-England-encroachment-on-their-land,-they-killed-many-settlers-in-Mass,-English- joined-with-Mohawks-to-defeat-them Salem-Witch-Trials---ans-✔✔ 1629 - outbreak-of-witchcraft-accusations-in-a- Massachussetts-Bay-puritan-village-marked-by-an-atmosphere-of-fear,-hysteria-and- stress.-Spectral-evidence-was-used-frequently. Rhode-Island-Colony---ans-✔✔Self-governing-colony-founded-by-Roger-Williams-in- 1636;-granted-freedom-for-all-religions-and-non-believers;-religious-toleration;-
Triangular-trade---ans-✔✔Trading-System-between-Europe,-Africa,-and-the-colonies;- European-purchased-slaves-in-Africa-and-sold-them-to-colonies,-new-materials-from- colonies-went-to-Europe-while-European-finished-products-were-sold-in-the-colonies. Navigation-Acts---ans-✔✔Acts-passed-in- 1660 - passed-by-British-parliament-to-increase- colonial-dependence-on-Great-Britain-for-trade;-limited-goods-that-were-exported-to- colonies;-caused-great-resentment-in-American-colonies. "salutary/benign-neglect"---ans-✔✔ 150 - years-of-colonial-self-rule-due-to-Neglect-by- British-authorities Dominion-of-New-England---ans-✔✔ 1686 - --The-British-government-combined-the- colonies-of-Massachusetts,-Rhode-Island,-New-Hampshire,-and-Connecticut-into-a-single- province-headed-by-a-royal-governor-(Andros).-The-Dominion-ended-in-1692,-when-the- colonists-revolted-and-drove-out-Governor-Andros. Glorious-Revolution-(in-America)---ans-✔✔Elimination-of-Dominion-of-England-in-1689;- Plymouth-added-to-Massachusetts-in-1691;-Reinstatement-of-legislative-assemblies;- Coode's-Rebellion;-some-royal-governors;-more-closely-intertwined-empire Puritanism---ans-✔✔The-religion-of-a-group-of-religious-dissidents-who-came-to-the-New- World-so-they-would-have-a-location-to-establish-a-"purer"-church-than-the-one-that- existed-in-England Enlightenment---ans-✔✔18th-century-philosophy-stressing-reason,-and-how-it-can-be- used-to-improve-the-human-condition.-Natural-rights-was-a-major-idea-that-influenced- Thomas-Jefferson-in-the-writing-of-the-Declaration-of-Independence. John-Locke---ans-✔✔English-philosopher-who-advocated-the-idea-of-a-"social-contract"- in-which-government-powers-are-derived-from-the-consent-of-the-governed-and-in-which- the-government-serves-the-people;-also-said-people-have-natural-rights-to-life,-liberty-and- property. Benjamin-Franklin---ans-✔✔Printer,-author,-inventor,-diplomat,-statesman,-and-Founding- Father.-One-of-the-few-Americans-who-was-highly-respected-in-Europe,-primarily-due-to- his-discoveries-in-the-field-of-electricity.-He-helped-to-negotiate-French-support-for-the- American-Revolution. First-Great-Awakening---ans-✔✔Religious-revival-in-the-colonies-in-1730s-and-1740s;- George-Whitefield-and-Jonathan-Edwards-preached-a-message-of-atonement-for-sins-by- admitting-them-to-God.-The-movement-attempted-to-combat-the-growing-secularism-and- rationalism-of-mid-eighteenth-century-America.-Religious-splits-in-the-colonies-became- deeper.
Jonathan-Edwards---ans-✔✔Preacher-during-the-First-Great-Awakening;-"Sinners-in-the- hands-of-angry-god" George-Whitefield---ans-✔✔English-clergyman-who-was-known-for-his-ability-to-convince- many-people-through-his-sermons.-He-involved-himself-in-the-Great-Awakening-in- 1739 - preaching-his-belief-in-gaining-salvation. 18th-century-immigration---ans-✔✔Increase-in-non-English-immigrants-and-fewer-English- immigrants;-Scots-Irish,-Scots,-Germans,-Dutch,-Africans;-poor-move-west-for-cheaper- land American-Slavery---ans-✔✔More-than- 10 - million-Africans-brought-to-Americas.-This- institution-was-lifelong-and-generational,-racial-based,-economically-profitable,-and-was- abolished-by-the-13th-amendment. Stono-Rebellion---ans-✔✔An-uprising-of-slaves-in-South-Carolina-in-1739,-leading-to-the- tightening-of-already-harsh-slave-laws.-The-largest-slave-uprising-in-the-colonies. Zenger-case---ans-✔✔The-case-that-established-the-precedent-that-true-statements- about-public-officials-could-not-be-prosecuted-as-libel;-Newspapers-are-not-financially- liable-for-criticism-of-government-if-actually-true. French-and-Indian/Seven-Year's-War---ans-✔✔The-war-fought-by-French-and-English-on- American-soil-over-control-of-the-Ohio-River-Valley---English-defeated-French-in-1763.- Historical-Significance:-established-England-as-number-one-world-power-and-began-to- gradually-change-attitudes-of-the-colonists-toward-England-for-the-worse-(i.e-taxing) Albany-Plan-of-Union---ans-✔✔Plan-proposed-by-Benjamin-Franklin-in- 1754 - that-aimed-to- unite-the- 13 - colonies-for-trade,-military-(defense),-and-other-purposes;-the-plan-was- turned-down-at-every-colonial-assembly-and-by-the-Crown. Benjamin-Franklin-Achievements---ans-✔✔Spread-Enlightenment-ideals:-need-for- scientific-research,-importance-of-education.-Advocate-of-religious-toleration;-first-"self- made-man"-;-only-American-to-sign-the-three-founding-documents-of-the-U.S-(Declaration- of-Independence,-Treaty-of-Paris,-Constitution-;-only-founding-father-to-be-public-anti- slavery-advocate-;-most-democratic-founding-father;-made-the-middle-class-individual-an- important-factor-in-American-society. Pontiac's-Rebellion---ans-✔✔After-the-French-and-Indian-War,-colonists-began-moving- westward-and-settling-on-Indian-land.-This-migration-led-to-this-conflict-in-1763,-when-a- large-number-of-Indian-tribes-banded-together-under-the-Ottawa-chief-Pontiac-to-keep-the- colonists-from-taking-over-their-land.
Common-sense---ans-✔✔A-pamphlet-written-by-Thomas-Paine-in- 1776 - that-criticized- monarchies-and-convinced-many-American-colonists-of-the-need-to-break-away-from- Britain Declaration-of-Independence---ans-✔✔The-document-recording-the-proclamation-of-the- second-Continental-Congress-(4-July-1776)-asserting-the-independence-of-the-colonies- from-Great-Britain General-George-Washington---ans-✔✔Commander-in-Chief-of-the-Continental-Army.- Brilliantly-led-America-to-victory-and-freedom-in-the-American-Revolution.-Became-1st-US- president Battle-of-Saratoga---ans-✔✔Turning-point-of-the-American-Revolution.-It-was-very- important-because-it-convinced-the-French-to-give-the-U.S.-military-support.-It-lifted- American-spirits,-ended-the-British-threat-in-New-England-by-taking-control-of-the-Hudson- River,-and,-most-importantly,-showed-the-French-that-the-Americans-had-the-potential-to- beat-their-enemy,-Great-Britain. French-Alliance---ans-✔✔The-French-entered-the-war-in-1778,-and-assisted-in-the-victory- of-the-Americans-seeking-independence-from-Britain Loyalists---ans-✔✔American-colonists-who-remained-loyal-to-Britain-and-opposed-the- war-for-independence Articles-of-Confederation---ans-✔✔This-document,-the-nations-first-constitution,-was- adopted-by-the-second-continental-congress-in- 1781 - during-the-revolution.-The-document- was-limited-because-states-held-most-of-the-power,-and-congress-lacked-the-power-to- tax,-regulate-trade,-and-control-coinage Newburgh-Conspiracy---ans-✔✔The-officers-of-the-Continental-Army-had-long-gone- without-pay,-and-they-met-in-New-York-to-address-Congress-about-their-pay,-they-also- considered-staging-a-coup-and-seizing-control-of-the-new-government,-but-the-plotting- ceased-when-George-Washington-refused-to-support-the-plan. Peace-of-Paris-(1783)---ans-✔✔Great-Britain-recognized-the-independence-of-the-United- States,-agreed-to-the-Mississippi-boundary-in-the-west,-Florida-was-passed-back-to- Spain;-Loyalist-property-that-had-been-confiscated-would-be-returned. Republicanism---ans-✔✔Political-movement-/-ideology-that-supports-the-ideas-that-all- power-and-sovereignty-comes-directly-from-the-people-and-not-from-some-authoritative- person-and-that-the-success-of-a-government-depends-on-the-characters-of-its-citizens.
Virginia-Statute-of-Religious-Freedom---ans-✔✔ 1779 - --Written-by-Thomas-Jefferson,-this- statute-outlawed-an-established-church-and-called-for-separation-of-Church-and-State.- (Disestablishment) Republican-Motherhood---ans-✔✔The-idea-that-American-women-had-a-special- responsibility-to-cultivate-"civic-virtue"-in-their-children Land-ordinance-and-Northwest-Ordinance---ans-✔✔Systematic-survey-of-land,-land- divided-in- 6 - x- 6 - mile-regions;-Established-a-system-for-setting-up-governments-in-the- western-territories-so-they-could-eventually-join-the-Union-on-an-equal-footing-with-the- original- 13 - states-;-laid-the-legal-and-cultural-groundwork-for-midwestern-(and- subsequently,-western)-development Shay's-Rebellion---ans-✔✔This-conflict-in-Massachusetts-caused-many-to-criticize-the- Articles-of-Confederation-and-admit-the-weak-central-government-was-not-working;- uprising-led-by-Daniel-Shays-in-an-effort-to-prevent-courts-from-foreclosing-on-the-farms-of- those-who-could-not-pay-the-taxes Philadelphia-(Constitutional)-Convention---ans-✔✔The-meeting-of-state-delegates-in- 1787 - in-Philadelphia-called-to-revise-the-Articles-of-Confederation.-It-instead-designed-a- new-plan-of-government,-the-US-Constitution. James-Madison---ans-✔✔Strict-constructionist,-4th-president,-father-of-the-Constitution,- leads-nation-through-War-of-1812,-author-of-Bill-of-Rights Virginia-Plan---ans-✔✔Virginia-delegate-James-Madison's-plan-of-government,-in-which- states-got-a-number-of-representatives-in-Congress-based-on-their-population New-Jersey-Plan---ans-✔✔New-Jersey-delegate-William-Paterson's-plan-of-government,- in-which-states-got-an-equal-number-of-representatives-in-Congress Great-Compromise---ans-✔✔Compromise-made-by-Constitutional-Convention-in-which- states-would-have-equal-representation-in-one-house-of-the-legislature-(Senate)-and- representation-based-on-population-in-the-other-house-(House-of-Representatives) 3/5-Compromise---ans-✔✔The-decision-at-the-Constitutional-convention-to-count-slaves- as-3/5-of-a-person-for-the-purpose-of-deciding-the-population-and-determining-how-many- seats-each-state-would-have-in-Congress Charles-Beard's-Constitution-thesis---ans-✔✔A-historian-who-argued-that-the- Constitution-was-designed-to-protect-the-economic-self-interest-of-its-framers.-Beard's- view-is-largely-rejected-by-contemporary-scholars Ratification-of-the-Constitution-debate---ans-✔✔Opponents-(anti-federalists)-feared- central-power-and-wanted-Bill-of-Rights;-Constitution-ratified-at-conventions;-ultimately-
presidency.-Federalists-(Hamilton):-industrial-society,-strong-central-govt.,-loose- interpretation;Republicans(Jefferson/Madison):-decentralized,-agrarian-society-and- economy,-limited-central-govt.,-belief-in-states-rights,-strict-interpretation.-It-was-ended- with-the-Era-of-Good-Feelings.-, Washington's-Farewell-Address---ans-✔✔Warned-against-permanent-foreign-alliances- and-political-parties,-called-for-unity-of-the-country,-established-precedent-of-two-term- presidency John-Adams'-Presidency-(1797-1801)---ans-✔✔He-was-the-second-president-of-the- United-States-and-a-Federalist.-He-was-responsible-for-passing-the-Alien-and-Sedition- Acts.-Prevented-all-out-war-with-France-after-the-XYZ-Affair.-His-passing-of-the-Alien-and- Sedition-Acts-severely-hurt-the-popularity-of-the-Federalist-party-and-himself XYZ-Affair---ans-✔✔Incident-in-which-French-agents-demanded-a-bribe-and-loan-from-the- U.S.-diplomats-in-exchange-for-discussing-an-agreement-that-French-privateers-would-no- longer-attack-American-ships;-led-to-an-undeclared-war-between-U.S.-and-France Quasi-War---ans-✔✔Term-widely-used-to-describe-French-and-American-naval-conflicts- between- 1798 - to-1800.-Neither-nation-declared-war,-although-they-carried-out-naval- operations-against-each-other Alien-and-Sedition-Acts---ans-✔✔A-series-of-laws-that-sought-to-restrict-the-activities-of- people-who-opposed-Federalist-policies-(1798) Virginia-and-Kentucky-Resolutions---ans-✔✔Written-anonymously-by-Jefferson-and- Madison-in-response-to-the-Alien-and-Sedition-Acts,-they-declared-that-states-could-nullify- federal-laws-that-the-states-considered-unconstitutional. Election-of- 1800 - --ans-✔✔Jefferson-and-Burr-each-received- 73 - votes-in-the-Electoral- College,-so-the-House-of-Representatives-had-to-decide-the-outcome.-The-House-chose- Jefferson-as-President-and-Burr-as-Vice-President. Midnight-appointments---ans-✔✔After-1800,-the-only-branch-left-in-the-Federalists'-hands- was-the-Judiciary.-On-John-Adam's-last-night-as-president-he-made-last-minute- appointments-for-Federalists-to-judgeships.-He-did-so-in-an-attempt-to-maintain-Federalist- control-of-judiciary-branch. Jefferson's-Presidency-(1801-1809)---ans-✔✔Democrat-Republican;-Major-events- during-his-presidency-include-the-Louisiana-Purchase-(1803)-and-the-Lewis-and-Clark- Expedition-(1804-1806),-as-well-as-escalating-tensions-with-both-Britain-and-France-that- led-to-war-with-Britain-in-1812,-after-he-left-office. Second-Great-Awakening---ans-✔✔A-series-of-religious-revivals-starting-in-1801,-based- on-Methodism-and-Baptism.-Stressed-a-religious-philosophy-of-salvation-through-good-
deeds-and-tolerance-for-all-Protestant-sects.-The-revivals-attracted-women,-Blacks,-and- Native-Americans. Charles-Finney---ans-✔✔A-leading-evangelist-of-the-Second-Great-Awakening,-he- preached-that-each-person-had-capacity-for-spiritual-rebirth-and-salvation-and-that- through-individual-effort-could-be-saved.-His-concept-of-"utility-of-benevolence"-proposed- the-reformation-of-society-as-well-as-of-individuals. Louisiana-Purchase---ans-✔✔Territory-in-western-United-States-purchased-from-France- in- 1803 - for-$15-million Lewis-and-Clark-Expedition---ans-✔✔An-expedition-sent-by-Thomas-Jefferson-to-explore- the-northwestern-territories-(Louisiana-territory)-of-the-United-States-;-led-by-Merriwether- Lewis-and-William-Clark;-traveled-from-St.-Louis-to-the-mouth-of-the-Columbia-River-from- 1803 - to- 1806 Burr-Conspiracy---ans-✔✔Scheme-by-Vice-President-Aaron-Burr-to-lead-the-succession- of-the-Louisiana-Territory-from-the-US-and-create-his-own-empire.-He-was-captured-in- 1807 - and-charged-with-treason.-Because-there-was-no-evidence-or-two-witnesses-he-was- acquitted.-Marshall-upholds-the-strict-rules-for-trying-someone-for-treason. Impressment---ans-✔✔The-British-practice-of-taking-American-sailors-from-American- ships-and-forcing-them-into-the-British-navy;-a-factor-in-the-War-of-1812. Chesapeake-Leopard-incident---ans-✔✔A-feud-that-occurred-in- 1807 - when-the-US- Chesapeake-was-stopped-in-the-mid-Atlantic-by-the-British-Leopard-;-led-to-British- attacks-;-ultimately-led-to-the-enforcement-of-the-Embargo-Act-by-Jefferson Embargo-Act---ans-✔✔ 1807 - act-which-ended-all-of-America's-importation-and- exportation.-Jefferson-hoped-the-act-would-pressure-the-French-and-British-to-recognize- U.S.-neutrality-rights-in-exchange-for-U.S.-goods.-In-reality,-it-hurt-Americans-and-its- economy-and-got-repealed-in-1809. Tenskwatawa/"The-Prophet"---ans-✔✔He-inspired-a-religious-revival-that-spread-through- many-tribes-and-united-them;-killed-by-Harrison-at-battle-of-Tippecanoe Tecumseh-and-the-Indian-Confederation---ans-✔✔As-American-settlers-moved-westward- in-the-early-1800s,-a-Shawnee-chief-named-Tecumseh-realized-that-the-Indians-had-to- unify-against-encroachment-on-their-land.-With-the-inspiration-of-his-brother,-a-religious- visionary-who-became-known-as-The-Prophet,-Tecumseh-formed-a-confederation-of- Indian-tribes-determined-to-thwart-the-taking-of-Indian-lands James-Madison's-Presidency-(1809-1817)---ans-✔✔Democratic-republican;-includes- War-of-1812,-Protective-Tariff-and-renewal-of-bank,-beginning-of-Era-of-Good-Feelings
Samuel-Slater---ans-✔✔He-was-a-British-mechanic-that-moved-to-America-and-in- 1791 - invented-the-first-American-machine-for-spinning-cotton.-He-is-known-as-"the-Father-of- the-Factory-System"-and-he-started-the-idea-of-child-labor-in-America's-factories. Tariff-of- 1816 - --ans-✔✔This-protective-tariff-helped-American-industry-by-raising-the- prices-of-British-manufactured-goods,-which-were-often-cheaper-and-of-higher-quality- than-those-produced-in-the-U.S. Second-Bank-of-the-U.S---ans-✔✔A-national-bank-chartered-by-Congress-in- 1816 - with- extensive-regulatory-powers-over-currency-and-credit;-modeled-after-Hamilton's-original- bank-and-fixing-Revolutionary-War-debt National-road---ans-✔✔The-first-highway-built-by-the-federal-government.-Constructed- during-1825-1850,-it-stretched-from-Pennsylvania-to-Illinois.-It-was-a-major-overland- shipping-route-and-an-important-connection-between-the-North-and-the-West. Robert-Fulton---ans-✔✔American-inventor-who-designed-the-first-commercially- successful-steamboat-and-the-first-steam-warship-(1765-1815) Erie-Canal---ans-✔✔A-canal-between-the-New-York-cities-of-Albany-and-Buffalo,- completed-in-1825.-The-canal,-considered-a-marvel-of-the-modern-world-at-the-time,- allowed-western-farmers-to-ship-surplus-crops-to-sell-in-the-North-and-allowed-northern- manufacturers-to-ship-finished-goods-to-sell-in-the-West. De-Witt-Clinton---ans-✔✔The-leader-of-government-officials-who-came-up-with-the-plan-to- link-New-York-City-with-the-Great-Lakes-region. Bonus-Bill---ans-✔✔Calhoun-presented-this-bill-in-1817,-1.5-million-bank-funds-to-fund- internal-improvements;-passed-but-vetoed-by-Madison-in-his-last-day-in-office Lowell-Waltham-system---ans-✔✔This-system-developed-in-the-textile-mills-of-Lowell,- Massachusetts-in-the-1820s,-in-these-factories-as-much-machinery-as-possible-was-used,- so-that-few-skilled-workers-were-needed-in-the-production-process;-the-workers-were- almost-all-young-single-farm-woman. Separate-Spheres---ans-✔✔Nineteenth-century-idea-in-Western-societies-that-men-and- women,-especially-of-the-middle-class,-should-have-different-roles-in-society:-women-as- wives,-mothers,-and-homemakers;-men-as-breadwinners-and-participants-in-business- and-politics John-Marshall's-Supreme-Court---ans-✔✔Period-of-court-ruling-from- 1801 - to-1835;- shaped-interpretation-of-Constitution-(loose);-strengthened-judicial-branch;-increased- power-of-federal-government-over-state;-support-of-economic-activity Marbury-vs.-Madison---ans-✔✔Established-Judicial-Review
Gibbons-decision---ans-✔✔Congress-alone-regulated-interstate-commerce Dartmouth-College-decision---ans-✔✔Corporation-contracts-were-inviolable-and-could- not-be-controlled-by-state-govts. Placed-restrictions-on-the-power-of-state-govts.-to-control-corporations McCulloch-decision---ans-✔✔Upheld-constitutionality-of-Bank-of-the-United-States-;- Established-loose/broad-construction/interpretation-of-the-Constitution-as-constitutional Worcester-Decision---ans-✔✔Invalidated-Georgia-law-that-required-U.S.-citizens-entering- Cherokee-territory-to-obtain-permission-from-governor-of-Georgia Antebellum-urbanization---ans-✔✔Enlarged-population-due-to-largest-immigration-in-US- history;-migration-to-cities-b/c-native-farming-classes-forced-off-land-due-to-changes-in- agriculture-and-immigrants;-improved-transportation,-beginnings-of-industrialization Squatters-and-preemption---ans-✔✔People-who-would-settle-on-land-that-they-didn't- have-a-title-or-claim-to Panic-of- 1819 - --ans-✔✔This-was-the-first-widespread-economic-crisis-in-the-United- States-which-brought-deflation,-depression,-bank-failures,-and-unemployment.-This-set- back-nationalism-to-more-sectionalism-and-hurt-the-poorer-class,-which-gave-way-to- Jacksonian-Democracy. Sectionalism---ans-✔✔A-narrow-minded-concern-for,-or-devotion-to,-the-interests-of-one- section-of-a-country-over-the-interests-of-the-nation-as-a-whole Missouri-Crisis-and-Compromise---ans-✔✔Missouri-was-not-supposed-to-be-a-slave- state,-but-it-was,-and-its-admission-into-the-Union-would-tip-the-balance-in-favor-of-the- South;-Allowed-Missouri-to-enter-the-union-as-a-slave-state,-Maine-to-enter-the-union-as-a- free-state,-prohibited-slavery-north-of-latitude-36˚-30'-within-the-Louisiana-Territory-(1820) Democracy-in-America---ans-✔✔Classic-French-text-by-Alexis-de-Tocqueville-on-the- United-States-in-the-1830s-and-its-strengths-and-weaknesses-such-as-the-tyranny-of-the- majority;-explained-why-republicanism-succeeded-in-the-U.S.-and-failed-elsewhere. Universal-Manhood-Suffrage---ans-✔✔Giving-all-adult-men-the-right-to-vote,-whether-they- owned-property-or-not. Dorr-Rebellion---ans-✔✔Short-lived-armed-insurrection-in-the-U.S.-state-of-Rhode-Island;- Agitation-for-changes-to-the-state's-electoral-system
Compromise-Tariff-of- 1833 - --ans-✔✔A-new-tariff-proposed-by-Henry-Clay-&-John- Calhoun-that-gradually-lowered-the-tariff-to-the-level-of-the-tariff-of-1816;-avoided-civil-war- &-prolonged-the-union-for-another- 30 - years. Eastern-Indian-Removal---ans-✔✔Process-of-white-westerners-wanting-valuable-Indian- (savages)-land-(1830-42);-$-appropriated-to-negotiate-treaties-&-remove-Indians;-Indian- Intercourse-Act-created-Indian-territory-in-Oklahoma Trail-of-Tears-(1838)---ans-✔✔The-route-taken-by-Native-Americans-as-they-were- relocated-to-Oklahoma;-20-25%-perished-before-reaching-Oklahoma Bank-War---ans-✔✔Jackson-vs.-Biddle-(fed.-gov.-director-of-bank);-Jackson-believed-the- Bank-of-US-had-too-much-power-and-was-too-rich;-vetoed-the-2nd-Bank-charter-&- withdrew-gov.-money-from-the-US-Banks-&-put-it-into-"pet-banks";Jackson-vetoed-bill-he- thought-was-wrong Taney-Court---ans-✔✔Private-property-&-activities-of-corporations-can-be-regulated-by- state-legislatures Charles-River-Bridge-Case---ans-✔✔dispute-over-the-constitutional-clause-regarding- obligation-of-contract,-decided-that-public-convenience-takes-precedence Second-Party-System:-Democrats-and-Whigs---ans-✔✔Whigs-(opposed-Jackson=- Webster,-Calhoun,-Clay)---fed.-gov.-aid-economic-development-(American-System),- cautious-of-territorial-expansion;-Democrats-(Jackson,-Van-Buren)---limit-fed.-gov.-power- and-protect-states-rights,-suspicious-of-gov.-attempts-to-stimulate-commercial/industrial- growth,-support-territorial-expansion Presidency-of-Martin-Van-Buren-(1837-1841)---ans-✔✔Panic-of-1837;-created- Independent-Treasury/Subtreasury-System;-loaned-money-to-states-for-infrastructure;- would-not-involve-gov.-to-stop-depression Panic-of- 1837 - and-economic-depression---ans-✔✔Government-only-accepted-"specie"- as-payment-for-public-lands-+-crop-failures--->- 5 - year-depression Independent-Treasury---ans-✔✔Van-Buren-reaction-to-Panic-of-1837;-fed-gov.-placed- funds-in-independent-treasury-->-fed.-gov.-divorced Election-of- 1840 - --ans-✔✔William-Henry-Harrison-(Whig)-vs.-Martin-Van-Buren- (Democrat);-result:-Whig-victory-&-a-truly-national-two-party-system. Noah-Webster---ans-✔✔American-writer-who-wrote-textbooks-to-help-the-advancement- of-education;-wrote-a-dictionary-which-helped-standardize-the-American-language.
James-Fenimore-Cooper---ans-✔✔1st-truly-American-novelist-noted-for-his-stories-of- Indians-and-the-frontier-life;-man's-relationship-w/-nature-&-westward-expansion Walt-Whitman---ans-✔✔Unrestrained-celebration-of-democracy;-liberation-of-individual;- broke-traditional-forms-of-verse Herman-Melville---ans-✔✔Moby-Dick;-he-rejected-the-optimism-of-the-transcendentalists- and-felt-that-man-faced-a-tragic-destiny Nathaniel-Hawthorne---ans-✔✔Original-resident-of-Brook-Farm;-disillusionment-of- utopias;-The-Scarlet-Letter Hudson-Valley-School-of-Art---ans-✔✔Pre-photography-w/o-humans;-focus-on-beauty-of- landscape-->-American-pride-&-nationalism Oneida---ans-✔✔"Perfectionists";-John-Humphrey-Noyes;-rejected-traditional-notions-of- family-&-marriage Shakers---ans-✔✔1770's-by-"Mother"-Ann-Lee;-Utopian-group-that-splintered-from-the- Quakers;-believed-that-they-&-all-other-churches-had-grown-too-interested-in-this-world-&- neglectful-of-their-afterlives;-prohibited-marriage-and-sexual-relationships;-practiced- celibacy Mormons---ans-✔✔Church-of-Jesus-Christ-Latter-Day-Saints;-founded-by-Joseph-Smith- in-1830;-began-in-upstate-NY,-"burned-over-district";-moved-to-Salt-Lake-City,-Utah Transcendentalists---ans-✔✔Individuals-strive-to-"transcend"-limits-of-intellect"-&-allow- emotions/-soul-to-create-original-relation-to-universe Ralph-Waldo-Emerson---ans-✔✔American-transcendentalist-who-was-against-slavery- and-stressed-self-reliance,-optimism,-self-improvement,-self-confidence,-and-freedom;- prime-example-of-a-transcendentalist;-"Nature"-&-"Self-Reliance" Henry-David-Thoreau---ans-✔✔Transcendentalist;-civil-disobedience;-gov.-that-violates- individual-morality-has-no-legit-authority Feminism-Woman's-Rights---ans-✔✔"Separate-spheres"/-"cult-of-domesticity"-v.- feminism/-Seneca-Falls--Antebellum-period;-reform-movements Oberlin-and-Mount-Holyoke-colleges---ans-✔✔1st-coed-college&-1st-American-college- for-women Lucretia-Mott---ans-✔✔Quaker-activist-in-both-the-abolitionist-and-women's-movements;- w/-Elizabeth-Cady-Stanton,-she-was-a-principal-organizer-of-the-Seneca-Falls-Convention
The-Liberator---ans-✔✔Anti-slavery-newspaper-written-by-William-Lloyd-Garrison;-drew- attention-to-abolition,-both-positive-and-negative,-causing-a-war-of-words-btw-supporters- of-slavery-and-those-opposed. Frederick-Douglass---ans-✔✔One-of-the-most-prominent-African-American-figures-in-the- abolitionist-movement;-escaped-from-slavery;-advocated-freedom-from-slavery-&-full- citizenship-rights-for-all-blacks Wendell-Phillips---ans-✔✔Orator-&-associate-of-Garrison;-influential-abolitionist-lecturer. David-Walker---ans-✔✔Black-abolitionist-who-called-for-the-immediate-emancipation-of- slaves;-wrote-the-"Appeal-to-the-Colored-Citizens-of-the-World."--called-for-a-bloody-end- to-white-supremacy;-believed-that-the-only-way-to-end-slavery-was-for-slaves-to-physically- revolt. Harriet-Tubman-and-the-Underground-Railroad---ans-✔✔Set-up-a-network-of-white-and- African-American-abolitionists-who-helped-slave-escape-to-freedom-in-the-North-or- Canada.-She-was-the-most-famous-and-successful-conductor. "King-Cotton"---ans-✔✔"Driving-force"-of-Southern-economy;-coined-by-James- Hammond;-"upper"-South-->-"lower"/"deep"-South-b/c-of-westward-expansion Upper-South---ans-✔✔Climate-&-geography-distinguished-from-lower-south;-emerged- out-of-economic-crisis-in-the-1850s-by-diversifying-agriculture,-urbanization,-and- expansion-of-manufacturing-and-trade;-single-crop;-tobacco-->-wheat-&-corn Deep-South---ans-✔✔"Lower-south"-or-"cotton-kingdom";-area-where-the-majority-of-the- country's-cotton-was-produced;-plagued-w/-disease Planter-Class---ans-✔✔Whites-that-owned-20-50-slaves-&- 800 - or-more-acres;-political,- social,-&-economic-domination;-only-about-5%-of-Southern-population Toussaint-L'Ouverture's-rebellion-in-Haiti-(1804)---ans-✔✔Successful-slave-rebellion-from- that-increased-Southern-white-paranoia-of-black-resistance Denmark-Vesey-rebellion-(1822)---ans-✔✔Rebellion-in-S.-Carolina-discovered-before-it- began;-argued-slavery-violated-Christianity-and-republicanism Nat-Turner-rebellion-(1831)---ans-✔✔Almost- 60 - whites-killed-in-Virginia;-over- 100 - blacks- executed-->-increased-fear-of-slave-revolt;-increased-fear-of-slave-revolt;-same-year-as- The-Liberator-began Manifest-Destiny---ans-✔✔Belief-that-the-US-was-destined-to-stretch-across-the- continent;-idealistic,-sent-by-God,-not-for-economic-or-territorial-reasons
"Great-American-Desert"---ans-✔✔Vast-arid-territory-west-of-the-Missouri-River-&-east-of- the-Rocky-Mountains;-encouraged-westward-expansion-after-Stephen-Long's-Expedition "Mountain-Men'"---ans-✔✔American-adventurers-and-fur-trappers-who-spent-most-of- their-time-in-the-Rocky-Mountains;-1st-to-move-into-Indian-territory,-land-they-would- ultimately-dominate Texas-Revolution-(1836)---ans-✔✔(1836)-Texan-gov.-declared-independence-from- Mexico;-American-settlers-proclaimed-Texan-independence;-Sam-Houston-won- independence-(treaty-rejected-by-Mexican-legislature);-Texans-wanted-annexation-by- U.S.;-not-done-b/c-opposition-from-northerners-and-anti-slavery-groups;-fear-of-sectional- controversy Overland-Trails---ans-✔✔Westward-trail-route-of-wagon-trains-bearing-settlers;-collective- experience;-despite-contradicting-stories,-Indian-attacks-were-extremely-rare-&-more- helpful-than-harmful Mormon-Migration-to-Utah---ans-✔✔Driven-from-NY-b/c-of-persecution;-after-Joseph- Smith-was-charged-w/treason-and-killed;-led-by-Brigham-Young Brigham-Young---ans-✔✔Successor-to-the-Mormons-after-the-death-of-Joseph-Smith;- responsible-for-the-survival-of-the-sect-and-its-establishment-in-Salt-Lake-City,-Utah Oregon-Country---ans-✔✔Under-"joint-occupation"-by-US-&-Britain;-increased- immigration-&-interest;-missionaries-failed-to-convert-residing-natives John-C.-Fremont---ans-✔✔American-military-officer,-explorer,-the-1st-candidate-of-the- Republican-Party-for-the-office-of-President-of-the-US-&-1st-presidential-candidate-of-a- major-party-to-run-on-a-platform-in-opposition-to-slavery;-founded-&-explored-CA-in- preceding-decades;-"Pathfinder"--mapped-Oregon-Trail;- 1845 - report-on-explorations- encouraged-westward-movement James-K.-Polk's-Presidency-(1845-1849)---ans-✔✔Objectives-that-were-achieved:- reduction-of-tariff,-re-establishment-of-Independent-Treasury,-annexation-of-Texas,- settlement-of-Oregon-question,-&-acquisition-of-CA Mexican-War-(1846-1848)---ans-✔✔Conflict-between-the-US-and-Mexico-that-after-the- US-annexation-of-Texas,-which-Mexico-still-considered-its-own;-US-troops-fought- primarily-on-foreign-soil;-covered-by-mass-circulation-newspapers;-Whigs-opposed Wilmot-Provisio-(1846)---ans-✔✔Rejected;-slavery-would-be-prohibited-in-any-territory- acquired-from-Mexico Treaty-of-Guadalupe-Hidalgo-(1848)---ans-✔✔Treaty-that-ended-the-Mexican-War,- granting-the-U.S.-control-of-Texas,-New-Mexico,-and-CA-in-exchange-for-$15-million
