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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name TRAN QUOC ANH Student ID: BHAF12345 BH Class SE06206 Assessor name NGUYEN NAM HA Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature QUANH Grading grid
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- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. BODY
- A. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards(P1)
- Type of networks in use today
- Constraint Network
- The Advantages of Networking
- B. Explain the impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth requirement (P2)
- Advantages of Mesh Topology
- Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
- Advantages of Star Topology
- Disadvantages of Star Topology
- Advantages of bus topology....................................................................................................................................
- Disadvantages of bus topology
- Advantages of Ring Topology
- Disadvantages of Ring Topology............................................................................................................................
- Advantages of Hybrid Topology
- Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
- The impact of current network technology, communication, and standards:
- C. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types
- Network Device ( Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateway, and Brouter )
- Server Types
- D. Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software (P4)
- What is workstation hardware?
- What is networking software?.....................................................................................................................
- What is the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software?
- E. Conclusion
- F. Evaluation
- G. References
- Figure 1: Advantages of Networking Table of figure
- Figure 2: Types of topology
- Figure 3: Mesh Topology............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 4: Star Topology
- Figure 5: Bus Topology
- Figure 6:Ring Topology..............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 7: Hybrid Topology
- Figure 8: OSPF
- Figure 9: FTP
- Figure 10:SMTP
- Figure 11: TCP/IP
I. INTRODUCTION
Networking is the electronic connection of computers for the exchange of information.
Resources exchanged via networking include things like data, programs, printers, and
software. Because networking enables user cooperation across a large range, it has several
benefits in terms of security, efficacy, manageability, and cost efficiency. The hardware
components that make up a network, including computers, hubs, switches, routers, and other
devices, basically make up the network infrastructure. These are the gadgets that are crucial
for transferring data via different types of technology, such as cables and radio waves. The
two most popular types of networks in the networking sector are the local area network
(LAN) and wide area network (WAN). LAN networks are composed of two or more
computers connected to one another over a short distance, typically at homes, workplaces,
or educational institutions. A network called a wide area network (WAN) typically spans the
whole planet in addition to towns and nations.
A WAN can be created by connecting a number of significant LANs. As there are several
linked devices, it is crucial to prevent data collision when these devices try to use the same
data channel at the same time. Network collision detection and prevention are done using a
set of rules known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision detection.
II. BODY
A. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards(P1)
Definition of networking: Information and ideas are shared through networking, typically in a casual social situation, between individuals who share a career or a particular interest. Professionals utilize networking to widen their networks of contacts, learn about career prospects in their areas, and become more informed about news and trends in their fields or the larger world. Cables, phone lines, radio waves, satellites, infrared laser beams, or other technologies can all be used to connect the computers on a network.
g) Storage-Area Network (SAN) These sorts of networks don't rely on a LAN or WAN since they are specialized high-speed network that links pooled pools of storage devices to several servers. Instead, they relocate storage resources onto their own high-performance network, which is separate from the network. Similar to a disk connected to a server, SANs may be accessed. Storage-area networks come in convergent, virtual, and unified configurations. h) System-Area Network ( also known as SAN) Within the last two decades, this phrase has become somewhat popular. It is used to describe a very small- scale network that is intended to offer high-speed connectivity in cluster settings, storage area networks (also known as "SANs"), and processor-to-processor applications. A SAN allows several computers to work together quickly as a single system. i) Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN) POLAN technology may be included in structured cabling as an alternative to conventional switch-based Ethernet LANs to allay worries about supporting conventional Ethernet protocols and network applications like PoE (Power over Ethernet). In order to serve users and devices, POLAN, a point-to-multipoint LAN architecture, splits an optical signal from a single strand of single-mode optical fiber into numerous streams using optical splitters. j) Enterprise Private Network (EPN) Businesses who wish to securely connect their different sites in order to share computer resources build and own these sorts of networks. k) Virtual Private Network (VPN) A VPN enables its customers to send and receive data as though their devices are connected to the private network, even when they are not, by extending a private network over the Internet. Remote users can connect to a private network using a virtual point-to-point connection.
2. Constraint Network
The constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), which is the foundation of constraint programming, is expressed as a constraint network. The sets of permitted values for the variable in a discrete instance, known as a domain, are limited. It is not known if polynomial-running-time methods can be used to address discrete constraint fulfillment problems.
3. The Advantages of Networking
a) Information sharing A group of people can have a stunning amount of knowledge and experience. Many opportunities to ask questions and get comments will arise via networking. Talking about opposing viewpoints greatly broadens
your knowledge base and enables you to evaluate situations from different angles. The "best practices" of others can be learned to save time, effort, and money. b) Connections You want to be ready to seize an opportunity when it "knocks" on your door. There are frequent demands for information exchange, collaborations, joint ventures, and even requests for services. The ability to reach out to a large number of people might mean the difference between capturing the opportunity and utterly missing it. c) Promotion Whether you're advertising your company or yourself, having a sizable network may help you advance your career, publicize the debut of a new product, or attract new members to your organization. One of the most effective means of advertising is still "word of mouth". Spreading accurate information about you or your business might lead to employment opportunities or business expansion. d) Credibility Another advantage of networking is obtaining help and enhancing your reputation. If you are good at networking, you could develop a reputation as someone whom others want to interact with and get to know. A solid reputation attracts backing. Those in your network could require your important knowledge, ideas, and resources. By expressing a willingness to help a coworker, you establish more credibility. e) Self Esteem Socializing and making new acquaintances are crucial aspects of our human nature. Building new relationships boosts confidence and self-esteem. You may advance your career by making the effort to better yourself and connect with others. As you get more at ease with networking, your confidence will keep increasing. When you are confident, people are drawn to you and you have the chance to learn more about yourself and share knowledge with others. f) Protocol A protocol is a common set of guidelines that enables communication between electronic devices. These guidelines specify the permitted types of data transmission, the instructions used to send and receive data, and the procedures for verifying data transfers. j) Internet Protocol Suite The purpose of the Internet protocol is to collect traffic protocols that execute a stack protocol through the network. After mentioning the two significant protocols, the Transmitting protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP), the Internet protocol is occasionally referred to as a TCP/IP protocol. The OSI model may be used to explain the Internet protocol, although there are several distinct levels that aren't all conforming to it.
123 Network Time Protocol (NTP) UDP 135 - 139 NetBIOS TCP and UDP 143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4) TCP and UDP 161,162 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) TCP and UDP 389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol TCP and UDP 443 HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) TCP and UDP 3389 Remote Desktop Protocol TCP and UDP
Table 1 : Common Protocols Used and Their Ports
B. Explain the impact of network topology, communication, and
bandwidth requirement (P2)
The geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each other is known as topology. There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, and Hybrid.
1. Types of Topology
There are five types of topology in computer networks
Figure 2 : Types of topology
- Star Topology
- Bus Topology
- Ring Topology
- Hybrid Topology a) Mesh Topology Each device on the mesh topology network is connected to every other device through a unique point- to-point link. When we say a link is dedicated, we imply that it solely transmits data to and from the two linked devices. Consider a network with n devices; each device must be linked to (n-1) other network devices. A mesh topology with n devices would have n(n-1)/2 linkages. Advantages of Mesh Topology
- No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means the link is only available for those two devices.
- Mesh topology is reliable and robust as a failure of one link doesn’t affect other links and the communication between other devices on the network.
- Mesh topology is secure because there is a point-to-point link thus unauthorized access is not possible.
Figure 3 : Mesh Topology
Advantages of Star Topology
- Less expensive because each device only needs one I/O port and needs to be connected with the hub with one link.
- Easier to install
- Less amount of cables are required because each device needs to be connected with a hub only.
- Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
- Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified. Disadvantages of Star Topology
- If the hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without the hub.
- Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central system of star topology. c) Bus Topology
All the devices in a bus topology are connected to the main cable using drop lines, which are made up of a main cable. The drop line is connected to the main cable by a component called a tap. There are restrictions on the number of drop lines and the length of a main cable because all data is transferred across it. Advantages of bus topology
- Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with a backbone cable.
- Fewer cables are required than Mesh and Star topology. Disadvantages of bus topology
- Difficultly in fault detection.
- Not scalable as there is a limit to how many nodes you can connect with the backbone cable. d) Ring Topology Each device in a ring topology is linked to the two devices on either side of it. With the devices on either side of it, a device has two dedicated point-to-point links. This structure has the name "ring topology" because it forms a ring. Each device in a ring topology has a repeater, which relays data that is intended
Figure 5 : Bus Topology
e) Hybrid Topology A combination of two or more topologies is known as a hybrid topology. For example, a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology. Advantages of Hybrid Topology
- We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, if scalability is our concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.
- Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing networks with different topologies. Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
- Fault detection is difficult.
- Installation is difficult.
- Design is complex so maintenance is high and thus expensive.
Figure 7 : Hybrid Topology
2. The impact of current network technology, communication, and standards:
OSPF: It is a routing technique that is typically used for bigger networks, whether they are part of a single network or a group network. Internet Engineering Task Force is responsible for its design. As a gateway protocol, it may also be used. EX: To run OSPF on routers, we use the following command: Router (config) # router ospf process-id Router (config-router) # network dia_chi_IP wildcard_mask area area_id Where: Process - id: number of progress The OSPF process runs on the router, and only has a local meaning on the router. We "network" the network address of a port so that it may join OSPF. For OSPF, a wildcard - mask is required to obtain a suitable subnet for routing. Each octet will be searched to determine the value of the wildcard mask, which is calculated by deducting the subnet-mask value of 255.255.255.0 by one octet. This computation only holds for a series of IP addresses; it does not.
Figure 8 : OSPF
Configure the OSPF of the router as follows: Configure the R1 router: use OSPF R1 (config) #router ospf 1 R1 (config-router) #network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Figure 10 :SMTP TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol is a set of protocol stacks. It is two different protocols. TCP/IP is closely related to FTP, SMTP, and HTTP. Figure 11 : TCP/IP a) Network users can communicate by email and instant messenger. Security is good – users cannot see other users’ files unlike on stand-alone machines.
b) Data Communications Transmission of signals Send and receive information over communication lines Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing, etc. c) The impact of network bandwidth requirements: The amount of bandwidth has an impact on how quickly data is downloaded or uploaded over the Internet. A connection with enough bandwidth makes for a responsive, fluid user experience. Data can be sent more quickly the more bandwidth is available, however, the law of diminishing returns also applies in this case. When you have enough bandwidth, your Internet speed is not further impacted. Speed and bandwidth are frequently used synonymously, although this is incorrect. The misconception may be caused in part by internet service providers' (ISPs') marketing, which confuse the two by alluding to faster speeds when they really mean bandwidth. Because the amount of information exchanged when conducting activities like Web browsing or emailing is very tiny, bandwidth isn't extremely crucial when downloading a lot of little files. When downloading huge files from a website, for example, bandwidth is crucial. A 2Mbps connection can take well over an hour to download a 1GB file, but a 50Mbps connection may do it in under three minutes. With little files, like a 1MB webpage, bandwidth is less crucial: a 2Mbps connection would take three seconds to load, but a 50Mbps connection would complete the download in one second. A two-second load variation generally won't make much of a difference in your experience. When downloading a tiny file, a lower-bandwidth connection with a lower latency may complete the download before a higher-bandwidth connection with a higher latency since delay only adds a few seconds to a large file transfer. Generally, the real bandwidth of your users’ network should be no less than approximately 80% of what was advertised. So, if they are on a 100 Mbps plan, their bandwidth must not go lower than 80 Mbps. If all you're doing is reading standard websites, there won't be much of a difference between a 100Mbps bandwidth connection and a 10Mbps bandwidth connection. However, bandwidth will be an issue if you're using a 10Mbps connection, viewing an HD movie on Netflix, and sharing the connection with someone else who is also streaming HD content from YouTube. You can encounter lengthy lag times and lowered picture quality because both streams need a full 10Mbps connection to operate at top quality. Websites may take a long time to load if a third user joins the network at the same time and wants to see them since all of the connection bandwidth has already been consumed. However, you would probably all enjoy a quick, smooth user experience if you were sharing a 100Mbps connection as opposed to a 10Mbps connection. d) Networking Topology & architecture are used to interconnect devices. Networks of communication systems.
