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ASSIGNMENT 1
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Pham Minh Dung Student ID GCH Class GCH1103 Assessor name Vuong Thi Nhu Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequen plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
A local area network ( LAN ) is a network with a relatively small area of coverage. It is usually contained within a physical space such as a writing lab , school , or structure. Servers and workstations are two types. of computers that are connected to the internet Servers are typically not used by humans directly , but instead run in the background to provide services to other computers ( and their users ) on the network Workstations are so named because they are frequently used by users to intera with the network. A workstation was once thought to be a desktop computer that included a computer , keyboard , monitor , and mouse Winkelman , 2013 ). The nature of a LAN is determined by three factors : Topology : Includes Bus , Tree , Ring , Start , etc. Medium Access control ( MAC ) : MAC depends on 2 key parameters , they are Where and How ( Pavani , Chandrika and Krishna , 2012 ). Whether control is centralized or distributed is referred to as Where. The topology determines How , which is a trade - off between conflicting criteria such as cost , performance , and complexity. Transmission Media : Twisted pair , coax , and fiber optic are the most commonly used types today Advantages : It has the basic benefits of sharing resources , sharing application software , increasing productivity ( Pavani , Chandrika and Krishna , 2012 ). Resource sharing : With network peripherals such as computers , printers are shared with workstations with no hardware requirements. This helps businesses reduce costs and at the same time improve productivity at work. Standard computer hardware is used for workstations as well as network servers. This gives you flexible , easy - to - maintain designs that are efficient. Common applications are in transit time for users to various environments. The benefit of this is lower costs than the possibility of independent licensing. The LAN system allows centralized data storage , providing the ability share data from a single server system. LAN also helps us to support some fault tolerance features. It is this that has improved the reliability of users with LAN more. It also reduces downtime for businesses. The LAN system also provides users with a centralized security , allowing control access to their network systems and resources. Depending on
user requirements , there are separate data protection policies. In addition , the cost of the low conductors also saves money. Disadvantages : The biggest disadvantage of this network is that the transmission line is short , can only operate in a certain area , cannot apply the range of kilometers or more Privacy Violations : Each LAN user's personal data files are visible and accessible to the LAN administrator. In addition , he has access to the LAN user's computer and internet activity Data Security Threat also is an important problem. Maintenance or repair is also very complicated because it requires an administrator the LAN. 2.2 MAN As LAN networks are proving more and more effective , users require a network with greater network speed and range to overcome the disadvantages of LAN. MAN network has appeared , it is applied the advancement of fiber optic technology to improve transmission speed ( Conti , Gregori and Lenzini , 1997 ). It's is a combination of multiple LANS. The scope of a MAN can cover an entire province / city and the whole country. Alternatively , a large university or company can have such a large network that it can be classified as a MAN. And MAN networks often exist to provide connectivity for large corporations.
Individual protocols were split into distinct " traffic - based networks in most multi protocol network settings before to 1980 These networks are wasteful in terms of bandwidth use and inflexible in terms of their ability to be changed in response to changing end - system needs. The WAN was created to connect all of the networks , it is the premise of the Internet Cole and Ramaswamy , 1999 ). The main protocol used in WAN is TCPAP protocol. The connection line of the WAN network has a bandwidth that vanes according to each installation location. For example , if installed in a particular area or in a country , the bandwidth of the transmission line varies greatly from 56Kbps to T1 with 1,544 Mbps or E1 with 2,048 Mbps , Gigabit - Gbps , and to it is the backbone connecting countries continents
Advantages of WAN:
- Coverage area WANs typically cover large geographic areas (1000kms or more). It is possible that if your business offices are located in several different locations, all branches are usually communicated via a WAN. For this purpose, an Online Service Provider (ISP) may provide a leased line (Roomi, 2020).
- Centralized data Using a WAN means that you will share connected data with all the devices in the respective network. For example, you will find a head office server and share data among all branch offices then you will get all backups and support from the headquarters server (Roomi, 2020).
- Update files From the WAN, users can receive updated files and data from servers. Companies can work to update files from the server so that all connected devices can receive them (Roomi, 2020).
- Exchange messages Devices in a WAN usually communicate via messages, which is often done quickly with the help of popular applications such as messenger and WhatsApp (Roomi, 2020).
- Increase bandwidth Companies often rent a private channel which means more bandwidth than a regular broadband connection. This leads to an improvement in the productivity of the business (Roomi, 2020).
- Guaranteed Uptime One of the most important pluses of WANs is that they provide guaranteed uptime. WAN providers offer weekly, quarterly, or annual uptime. It is part of the SLA no matter the industry, uptime is usually guaranteed (Roomi, 2020).
communicate with each other. , regardless of the differences in infrastructure, design, or basic standards between them. 2.1 PURPOSE Without computing protocols, computers and other devices would not know how to engage with each other. As a result, except for specialty networks built around a specific architecture, few networks would be able to function, and the internet as we know it wouldn't exist. Virtually all end-users rely on network protocols for connectivity. 2.2 List of some common protocols Internet Protocol Suite is a collection of protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. The Internet Protocol Suite is sometimes referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP and IP are important protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet Protocol Suite is similar to the OSI model, but with some differences. Also, not all layers correspond well Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Transmission Control Protocol originates from a network implementation that complements the Internet Protocol. Therefore, the Internet Protocol Suite is often referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides a method of reliably delivering an octet stream (8- bit data block) over an IP network. The main feature of TCP is the ability to issue commands and check for errors. All major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, and file transfer rely on TCP HTTP is the data communication platform for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses hyperlinks between nodes containing the text. HTTP is an application protocol for distributed and hybrid hypermedia information systems. Domain Name System (DNS) is used to convert domain names to IP addresses. The DNS hierarchy consists of a root server, a TLD, and an authoritative server. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP - dynamic server configuration protocol) is a protocol that allows automatic IP address allocation along with other related
configurations such as subnet mask and default gateway. The computer is configured automatically, thus reducing interference with the network. 3 The international standard organizations and the names of the standards used in networking. 1)ISO ISO is that the world organization for Standardization. It creates a group of rules and standards for graphics, document exchange, digital communication, etc. Some of the most popular ISO standards include the following: ISO/IEC 27000. These security standards define a six-step process for developing and implementing information security policies and processes. ISO/IEC 17799. This security management standard specifies more than 100 best practices for business continuity, access control, asset management and more. ISO/IEC 20000. This ISO standard creates a technical specification and codifies best practices for IT service management. ISO/IEC 12207. This ISO standard creates a consistent lifecycle management process for all software. ISO 9000. This family of standards defines how organizations can establish and maintain effective quality assurance systems for manufacturing and service industries. 2) CCITT CCITT is now a representative organization for us. CCITT developer's proposed set of rules and standards for telegraph and telephone communications. An overview is given of CCITT activities on speech-processing standards for evolving digital communications networks. Such standards apply to worldwide interconnected digital networks and provide for adequate voice and nonvoice quality as assessed by the leading laboratories and experts in the world telecommunications community. Current
An Uncontrolled Port used by authentication and key management protocols to initiate secure Controlled Port communication. Requires mutual authentication of peer systems that wish to communicate through their Controlled Ports, specifying the use of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP, RFC 3748) and its encapsulation over LANs (EAPOL). Specifies the MACsec Key Agreement (MKA) protocol, supporting the use of IEEE Std 802.1AE MAC Security to cryptographically protect Controlled Port communication. 4) EIA This organization sets and recommends industry standards. EIA has developed a series of RS Standards (Recommended Standards) for data and telecommunications. ECIA, through its EIA Standards Committee (ESC), provides a unique forum for the discussion of technical issues and development of industry standards that drive the manufacture, application and use of electronic component products and systems on a global basis. These voluntary industry standards carry the “EIA Standards” trademark and are developed in accordance with, and accredited by, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In addition, EIA Standards Committees have the flexibility to produce guidelines, handbooks and other documents to address industry issues when the formal standards process is not required. EIA Technical Standards can be purchased at the ECIA Store. 5) SCC It is a politician Standard Agency for Canada. it's Similar responsibilities as ANSI has. The Standards Council of Canada (SCC) is a Crown corporation established by an Act of Parliament in 1970 to foster and promote voluntary standardization in Canada. It is independent of government in its policies and operations, although it is financed partially by Parliamentary appropriation. The mandate of the Council is to:
- Promote the participation of Canadians both in voluntary standards activities and in public-private sector cooperation in relation to voluntary standardization in Canada;
- Coordinate and oversee the efforts of the persons and organizations involved in Canadian goods and services through standards-related activities;
- Develop standards-related strategies and long-term objectives. The SCC promotes efficient and effective voluntary standardization in Canada in order to advance the national economy, support sustainable development, benefit the health, safety and welfare of workers and the public, assist and protect consumers, and facilitate domestic and international trade.
Task 2 - Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements (P2)
1 Network topology Network Topology is a diagram that describes the arrangement of the physical and logical elements of a communication network. Physical Topology is a way of connecting network devices to each other. Logic Topology that shows how data flows between devices. There are cases where the physical diagram coincides with the logical diagram, there are cases where the physical diagram is different from the logical diagram. 1.1 Difference between Physical Topology and Logical Topology Physical Topology shows the physical design of the network, such as how computers are linked by physical devices in a real environment. Ex: computer, cable, location,...
Advantages:
- The network can be extended without interrupting existing users.
- It has many links, so if any single route is blocked, other routes will be used for data communication.
- P2P links make fault identification easy.
- It helps you avoid the risk of network failure by connecting all systems to one central node. Disadvantages:
- The installation is complicated because every node is connected to 1 node
- Expensive due to the use of many cables.
- Requires a large space to run the cable. 1.2.2 Star Topology
Advantages
- Easy to troubleshoot, set up and modify.
- Affected nodes do not affect other nodes.
- Fast performance.
- In the star structure, adding, removing and moving devices is easy. Disadvantages
- If the hub or hub fails, all the attached buttons will be dead.
- The cost of installing star topology is expensive
- Dense network traffic can sometimes slow down significantly.
- Performance depends on the quality of the central device
- Damaged cables or problematic network connectors can damage the network. 1.2.3 Bus Topology
Advantages
- Easy to install and reconfigure
- Adding or removing topology in the ring, you only need to move 2 connections.
- Provides equal access to all computers on the network.
- Check and record errors faster. Disadvantages
- One-way traffic.
- Breaking 1 ring can potentially disrupt the entire network
- The troubleshooting process is very difficult, the failure of one computer can disrupt the entire network. -Today, high-speed LAN have made this topology less common.
- In the ring, topology signals are always circulating, which develops unwanted power consumption.
1.2.5 Tree Topology Advantages
- One button failure doesn't affect the rest
- Quick and easy button expansion
- Simple error detection
- Very easy to manage and maintain Disadvantages
- It is multi-cable topology.
- If more buttons are added, the maintenance is difficult again
- If the hub or hub is faulty, the attachment buttons are also disabled. 1.2.6 Hybird Topology
