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Collaborative Planning and Management
2:What is Collaboration?
Objectives:
Highlight different definitions of collaboration
Identify common themes and what they mean
Preparation
Supplies: Copies of “What is Collaboration” Worksheet
Readings:
Margerum (2011): What is Collaboration?
o Examples
o Definitions
o Terminology
o Where it is being applied
Layzer (2008Why Ecosystem-Based Management?
o Reasons and definitions
o Drawbacks and limitations
o Optimistic and pessimistic models of EBM
Koontz et al (2004Governmental Roles in Collaborative Env. Mgmt
o Emergence
o Characteristics
o Government Roles
Lecture Overview
Timing Topic Sub-topics Notes 10 Overview and Review (^) Questions about syllabus/assignment Class overview
30 Review Definitions (^) Your definition Review literature definitions
Write your own definition—don’t look at your books or notes 40 Analyze elements (^) Discuss definitions and differences Highlight elements Discuss meaning
Display all of the Cs— look at them and ask them to begin differentiating Everyone may not agree on the definitions 80 1 hr and 20 minutes (^)
I. Introduction
A. Goals Today
- Discuss definitions of collaboration
- Draw out themes and principles
II. What is Collaboration?
A. Discuss your definitions [Optional Exercise]
B. Definitions of Collaboration (see Powerpoint)
Godshalk and Mills (1966, 86) define planning as a collaborative process “in which there is a
genuine interchange between planners and citizens from all walks of life throughout the
course of the project.”
Julian (1994): “Process through which stakeholders define a common mission, allocate
resources, and engage in activities designed to achieve that mission”
Wood and Gray (1991): “Collaboration occurs when a group of autonomous stakeholders of a
problem domain engage in an interactive process, using shared rules, norms, and structures, to
act or decide on issues related to that domain.”
Barbara Gray (1989): Collaboration is a process through which “parties who see different
aspects of a problem can constructively explore their differences and search for solutions that
go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible”
Wondolleck and Yaffee (1999) “Government agencies, communities, and private
groups…building bridges between one another that enable them to deal with common
problems, work through conflicts, and develop forward-thinking strategies for regional
protection and development.”
Innes and Booher (1999): “The process itself is simply and foremost one of learning, which
transforms participants’ previously held convictions and helps them to develop new shared
meanings, purposes and innovative approaches to otherwise intractable issues.”
Weber (2003) [GREM]: “an ongoing, collaborative governance arrangement in which
inclusive coalitions of the unalike come together in a deliberative format to resolve policy
problems affecting the environment, economy, community (or communities) of a particular
place.”
Margerum (Beyond Consensus): Collaboration is an approach to solving complex public
problems in which a diverse group of autonomous stakeholders work through a self-governed,
deliberative process to build consensus and develop strategies and arrangements for
translating consensus into results.
III. Discussion of Common Terms
A. Public problems
- Information is generally publicly available
- Not private matters (corporate, personal, etc)
B. Group of Decision-makers?
- More than just two: not just two participants
C. Consultation
- Formal process of communication usually conducted by government organizations.,
- consultation can offer significant or little exchange of information. Furthermore, consultation
- can be carried out with significant or no effect on decision making.
- In collaboration, consultation can be important for stakeholder groups who need to obtain feedback from the broader public.
D. Conflict Resolution
- Range of formal and informal processes for resolving the differences
- Conflict resolution may simply be a negotiation between two parties, or it may involve more formal procedures like facilitators, mediators and even arbitrators.
- Conflict resolution is important in collaboration, but it generally describes a narrower process.
E. Consensus building
- Series of steps through which individuals come together, share information and reach a mutual agreement about problems, goals and actions.
- Consensus building interchangeably with collaboration, but I like to think of it as the “planning” phase of collaboration.
- Before consensus building there is the convening process and after there is the implementation process.
F. Cooperation
- A process whereby participants work independently towards a common goal.
- Key term is “independently.”
- Important implementation approach for a collaborative when the issues are well-known, the goals are clear, the setting is stable, and the implementation actions are not interdependent.
G. Coordination
- A process whereby participants work jointly to.
- Relies not only on a common goal but also on a process of functioning together that allows mutual adaptation and adjustment.
- Important implementation approach for a collaborative group when there is less clarity regarding issues and goals, more dynamic settings, and interdependent implementation actions.
V. Common Collaboration Concepts
A. Phases of Collaboration
Note: Important for understanding that collaboration has different forms of
interaction during different phases. During initiation it is about defining,
exploring and building trust. During consensus building it is about deliberating,
resolving conflicts and achieving consensus. During implementation it is often
more about ongoing coordination and refining.
- Initiation phase: starting, convening, defining
- Consensus phase: reviewing, deliberating, consensus
- Implementation phase: implementing, refining, new issues
B. Collaboration as an Alternative
- Alternative to What?
a) No action
b) Market
c) Regulations
d) Courts
e) More individualized approaches
- What makes collaboration attractive
a) Alternative to more cumbersome approaches
b) Alternative to fights, court battles, etc.
c) Approach to problems not addressed through other means
- Implies some push toward collaboration
a) Conflict or the fear of conflict
b) Stalemate
c) Unclear solutions
VI. Optional Exercise: Pro Con Collaboration Debate
A. Work in teams (better if students prepared to discuss)
- Prepare for a debate
- Present and rebut arguments
- Offer a prize to winning team to “up” the stakes
B. Purpose
- Highlight the issues with collaboration and alternatives
- Develop a healthy skepticsm about collaboration
VII. Summary
A. Many different definitions of collaboration
- Different things emphasized
- Different interpretations
B. Purpose today: highlight the similarities and differences
- We will be reforming and refining our views all term
- It is up to you to develop what you think are the critical elements
Notes on Collaboration Definitions
Godshalk and Mills (1966, 86) define planning as a collaborative process “in which there is a genuine interchange between planners and citizens from all walks of life throughout the course of the project.”
Planning as collaboration “Genuine Interchange”: two-way communication “Citizens”: broad-based “The project”: implies a defined action Julian (1994): “Process through which stakeholders define a common mission, allocate resources, and engage in activities designed to achieve that mission”
“Process”: slippery term. A one-off process or an ongoing one? “Common mission”: Mission different from project; implies self-defined endpoint “Stakeholders”: Different from citizens Wood and Gray (1991): “Collaboration occurs when a group of autonomous stakeholders of a problem domain engage in an interactive process, using shared rules, norms, and structures, to act or decide on issues related to that domain.”
“Autonomous stakeholders”: Distinction important in terms of powers within an organization “Shared rules, norms and structures”: implies collaboration process is more of an ongoing one “Act or decide”: suggests role Barbara Gray (1989): Collaboration is a process through which “parties who see different aspects of a problem can constructively explore their differences and search for solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible”
“Constructively explore differences”: implies is an opportunity rather than a mandate “Search for solutions that go beyond their own limited vision…”: Definition or a hope of what should happen? Wondolleck and Yaffee (1999) “Government agencies, communities, and private groups…building bridges between one another that enable them to deal with common problems, work through conflicts, and develop forward-thinking strategies for regional protection and development.”
“Enable”: implies opportunity “Build bridges” “Conflicts” suggests that there are gaps and problems with current approach “Forward thinking strategies”: implies a specific product rather than “greater awareness”, “recommendations”, “policies” “Regional”: implies scale specific Innes and Booher (1999): “The process itself is simply and foremost one of learning, which transforms participants’ previously held convictions and helps them to develop new shared meanings, purposes and innovative approaches to otherwise intractable issues.”
Process of learning: emphasizes the secondary benefits of collaboration as opposed to primary (outputs like plans or policies) “Transforms” “shared meanings”: ditto “Innovative approaches”: Suggests by definition an expectation of what will happen Weber (2003) [GREM]: “an ongoing, collaborative governance arrangement in which inclusive coalitions of the unalike come together in a deliberative format to resolve policy problems affecting the environment, economy, community (or communities) of a particular place.”
“Ongoing” and “arrangement”: important because it implies not just a one-off process but an approach to decision making “Of a particular place”: like Wondolleck and Yaffee implies a specific location
Margerum (2011): Collaboration is an approach to solving complex public problems in which a diverse group of autonomous stakeholders deliberates to build consensus and develop networks for translating consensus into results.
Approach—not just a one-off process Autonomous stakeholders—free to leave and not bound by hierarchy to participate Network: after consensus collaboration requires ongoing networks for interaction, depending on the type of collaborative
