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Bio Evolution notes 2022 Berkeley, Study notes of Evolutionary biology

University of California - BerkeleyEvolutionary biology

Note used to study for bio one B evolution segment in fall 22, specifically phylogenetics and the microevolution of species.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/21/2025

isabelle-susman
isabelle-susman 🇺🇸

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Ecology
case study of Sierra Willow leaf beatle arctic relic
long dormancy period and snow
Snowacts asinsolation keepinggrandtemp stable Aglobaltemps
to snow leaving groundtemps unstable ecolder letting heat
out eallowingtap fluctuations
beetles need snow to survivesyrpudflies eat then halt
Primary factors that determine destrabutonoforgan
Abiotic factors non living
oneneiroment
biotic factors interactions wother organisms
Dispersal the ability to get to an are
all limit species destra but
The Earth lits Impact abiotic factors
terrestrial organisms are influencedby temperature
and precipitation These factors are determined
by theearths tilt air systems ect
Latitude closer to equator Mdirectrays intensty Mtemp
Precipitation precipto at HP's 30 Nls Mat LP 60WIs to
continetality middle of landmasses exp more extreme
seasonality no mod affects of oceans
Al ti dude highelevation ttemp tatmos ppprecipon Iden
pf3
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pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e

Partial preview of the text

Download Bio Evolution notes 2022 Berkeley and more Study notes Evolutionary biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Ecology

case

study

of

Sierra

Willow

leaf beatle

arctic relic

long

dormancy

period

and

snow

Snow acts

as

insolation

keeping

grandtemp

stable

A

global

temps

to

snow

leaving

ground

temps

unstable

e

colder

letting

heat

out e

allowing

tap

fluctuations

beetles

need

snow

to

survive

syrpud

flies

eat

then

halt

Primary

factors

that

determine

destrabuton

of

organ

Abiotic

factors

non

living

oneneiroment

biotic factors

interactions

w

other

organisms

Dispersal

the

ability

to

get

to

an

are

all limit

species

destra

but

The

Earth

l

its

Impact

abiotic factors

terrestrial

organisms

are

influenced

by

temperature

and

precipitation

These

factors

are

determined

by

theearths tilt air

systems

ect

Latitude closer to

equator

M direct

rays

intensty

M

temp

Precipitation

precip

to

at HP's

Nls

M

at LP

60W

Is

to

continetality

middle

of landmasses

exp

more extreme

seasonality

no

mod

affects

of oceans

Al

ti

dude

high

elevation

t

temp

t

atmos p

p

precip

on

Iden

Altitude

continued

Matt

I

pres

t

temp

Adiabatic

lapse

rate

temp

drops

c

11000m

O

THRO

GRAPHIC RECAP

FUN FACT

B

species

abundance

e

richness is

highest

at

the

equator

e

t

legged

towards

the

poles

BIOMES

a

large

naturally occurring community

of

organism

occupying

a

major

habitat

mostly

defined

by

plants

Elevator

latitude

detect

biomes

biomes

that

occow at

high

latitudes

also

acca

at

high

evaluations

in the

trap

is

PRIMARY

PRODUCTIVITY

rate at which

Efron

sun

is converted

to

into biomass

by

photosynthetic

producers

P

Hao

a

temp

More

plaits

Tolerances

indult

biomes

expect

to

see

tolerances

to

the

challenges

each biome

has

Lusalytemp

Northern Coniferous

Forest

o mod

precip

30

70

only

some

temperate

rainforest

get

7300cm

A

season

ailts cold winter warm

surer

o

conebearing

trees

migratarty

fauna

Clogging

impact

TUNDRA

o

low

precip

20 60

curly

Very

cold

winters

30

cool

summers

10

Herbaceous

flora

permafrost

affects

growth

o

migratory

birds

largegrazers

o

significant

on e

gas

extractions

Challenges

cold

temp

snow

lice

t

food

Insulation camo

Hague

t

metabolism

Cold tolerance

dormary

small

extremes

Biomes

shift

through

time

Species range

area

u which a

species

can

be found

population growth

rate

rate at which

population

is

posture

or to

negative

Cli mat

change big

fate

is

biome

Marut

latitudinal

diversity

gradients

more

species

equate

why

Climatic

primary

productivity

M

in

tropics

A

competition

P

spacial

heterogeneity

Geographical

tropics

take

up

a

lot

of space

great

area

supports

A

species

Historical

longer

evolutionary

history

no

glaciers

o

Cradle

faster

origin

rates

vs

Museum

slower

extinction

Life

history

Suit

of

traits

related

to a

species

life

span

e

the

timing

e

pattern

of

reproduction

Size

birth

growth pattern

Agee

size

maturity

NO

size

e

sex ratio

of

offspring

Agee

size specific

mo

mortality

e

reproduction

length

of

life

duration

e

investment at

parented

care

life

history strategies

are

defined

as

investments

into

maintenance

growth

l

reproduction

and

trade

offs leading

to

general

patterns

of

variation

along

a

fast

to

slow r

to k axes

Semelparous

reproduces

only

once shat

adult lifespan

iteroparous reproduces

multiple

times

in

life

long

survivorship

curves

plot

of

the

proportion

no in

a cohort still

alive

at

each

age

shows

pattern

of

surviorship

I

death

rates

during

early

e

Pol

middlelife

shop

th in Drin

late life

large

animals

few

offspring

Mines

s

Constant DR throughout

life

span

some rodents

lizards

annual

plants

É

A Dr in earlylife deathrate

steeply

declines

for

survivor

Mamount

of

spring

t

investment

T

of

mkay

ie

p

fo

eat

die

of

period

Priniple

of allocation

organisms

have

limitedresources

leg

energy

to

invest

in activine

e

functions

once

allocated not available for other

functions

resources

must be

allocated

amoung

Growth

Survival Reproducho

Animals

primarily

allocate

resources into deterrent acts

ey

foraging

breeding parental

investment

plants

primarily

allocate

resources

biomass

nutmeats

into

diet parts

to

carry

out diet

functions

Effigy

Yuttimat

into

sanity

long

uh toffspring

Isin

vestment

iguana

shot

life

Poet

spring

into

repro

WIDESPREAD LIFE

HISTORY

TRADE

OIS

current

repro

e survival

current

repro

e

future

repro

No

e

size of

offspring

Somatic maintenance

energy

spent

to maintain

body

Soma

Allocating

resources

to

survival

in contrast

w

repro

REPRODUCTION

SIZE

NUMBER

TRADE

OFS

egg

size A

egges

to

size

beggsf

size

tradeoff

of no of

offspring

us

offspring

size

Energy

reproduction

one

year

units

reproduction

another

CASE

STUDY

manipulated several

bird nest ee

tu

adding

a

taking

eggs

o

birds w

P

eggs

laid

t

nxt

year

birds

wld

eggs

laid

A

net

year

unconscious

choice of

energy

allocation

Peggs

less

energy

too

much

stress

lay

less

to

to

stress

EXAMPLE

Mice

eating

their

young during

food

sort

age

There

are 2

trade

offs

happening

here

Trade off

btwn

survival

e

reproduction

Trade

of btwn current

l

future

reproduction

GEOMETRIC GROWTH

NE

No

No rt Hr

No

x

constat

growth

are

discrete time

periods

ARITMETIC

GROWTH

Constant

R

Exponential

growth

the intro

at

are

infinity

small

e

at

any

moment

individualsare

reprdueng

dying

continuous

demography

REGULATORS

OF

POPULATIONGROWTH

Density

dependant

charges

in birth e

death

rates

w in

pop

P

struggle

for

existence

w Rin

density

eg

to

resources

per

capita

A

competition

P

disease M

predation

risk

Many

D

D factors

involve

biotic

interactions

D D

regulation

results in

predictable

pop

cycles

often

describe

w

logistic

growth

Density

independent factors

rate

of

pop

gram

at

any

instant

is

limited

by

smith

unrelated

to

pop

size

of

tern

abiotic

factors

display

erratic

growth

patterns

car

predictable

Both

types

can

determine

K

Env

i

stress

Resourse availability

competition

predation

intrinsic characteristics of

organisms

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH

not

exponential

even

tho

u a

r

growth

rate is

slowing

projected to

peak

in

2100

a

billion

DEMOGRAPHIC

TRANSITION

a lowDr will be faltered

by f

Br

change

in

BreDr r

is

highest

in

stage

2

Exportation competition competitors

affect

each

one

due

to

INDIRECT

use

of

resource

use

by

one

party

reduces

supply

for

other

Interference

competition competition

involving

direct physical

interaction Competitors

expend

energy

to inhibit

others

access

to

a

resourse

SCARCITY

competition

arises

from

scarcity

no recourse is

unlimited

organisms

must

divide

up

limited resources

OUTCOMES

of

COMPETI

Ton

Competitive

exclusion

speciescompetition

leads

to

extinction

or

faline

to co exist

Cone

uses

resourse

more

efficiently

onlyvalid

if resource

does

not

vary

in

time

a

space

e

there

is

a

single

resource

driving

competition

Character

displacement tendency

for

characteristics

to

diverge

more

in

sympatric

compared

to

allopatric

to

reduce

competition

r

extremes less

intermediates

to

prevent

overlapping

niches

co evolution

reciprocal evolutionary

changes

in

interacting

species

2

EXPLOITATIVE

one

party

benefits while

other

suffers

Type

Affect

on Affect

on Example

Preditar

prey

Eats

other benefit

gets

eatenedies

Fox

Have

Herbivour

plant

Eats

other benefit getregatwn

may

cowl

grass

Parasite host

lesson't's

fethetigets

Easy

Hearses

Tickdeer

Overlapping

is

common

relationships

are

intertwined

eg

Beavers

cut

down

e

eat

alder

trees

Herbivory

e

predation

but also

promote

growth

at alders

due

to

wetland habitats

that beavers

create

Mutalistic

OUTCOMES

OF

EXPLOITATIVE

INTERACTIONS

a boom

e bust

population cycles

predators

over

exploit

prey

cyclic

fluctuations Predators

prevent

exclusion

lag

btwn

prey

decree prediter response

b

reducing

abundance

e

range

of

prey

excusing

from

habitats

c

Adaptations

of

morphology

physiology

e

behaviour

Symbiosis

Parasites

can facilitate

species

co existance parasites

fan

weaken

an

otherwise

stronger competitor

leveling

playing

feild

l

allowing

co existence

ECOLOGICAL NICHES

range

a

speecs

can

exist

in

a Fundemetal

niches

full

range

of

environmental

conditions

bronc

or abiotic

or resources

used

in

which

a

stable

pop

can

be maintained

w

o

competition

b

Realized niches

actual

set of

envi conditions

resource

in

which

stable

pop

is

maintained

in

pre

sense

of

particular

competitors

je

s

EE

Iq

ed

t.IE

Niches

and

competition

low

comp

low

overlap

comp

lower

m

resourse

b

high

comp

for

yet

niche

overlap

A

resourse

Character

displacement

group

of similar

competing

oraganisims

develop

e

deterrent

eco

morphs

and

diverge

to

reduce

competition

and

competitive

exclusion

There

is

a

divergence

in

theniche

CASE

STUDY

COMPETITIVE

ECLOSION

OF

BARNACLES

J.iq

igitg

species

have

non

overlapping

conditions

semisan

Iggy

Experiments

showed

chthamalos

could

survive

above

e

below

tide

large

fundamental

niche BUT semibalanus

much

stronger

competitor

D has

smaller

realized

niche

50

why

cant

live in

upper

tidal

limited

by

abiotic

tolerances

why

can't

D live in lower

tidal

unused

by

biotic

interactions competition

linking

this

to

key

concepts

I

Dispersal

biotic

or abiotic

factors

limit

species

distrabuna

2

NS

helps

comities

adapt

to

enviraerts

life

history

strategies

are investments into maintenance

growth

e

reproduction

Food

webs

and

tropic

levels

Bass

organisms

can

have dat

trophic

sea rate

A

levels

depending

on

whats relative

fqqn.gg

gfniavee

Sea Nettle has

a

trophic

level

of

2

secondary consumers when

eating

zooplankton

phytoplanton

and

atrophic

level of

Hertiary

consumed

Direction

of E

flow

When

eating

fish

larvae

Dominant

species

most

abundant

often

key

prey

and

support

lower

trophic

levels

Keystone

species

large

ecological

roles

often not

very

abund

Defines

ecosystem

dramatically

dett

no

Nothing

else

can

fill

niche

wolves

in

yellow

stone

Ecosystem

engineers

modify

environment e altect

other

species

leg

Bevears

trees termites

Top

down

control

trophic

cascade

Abundance of

high

topic

level

organisms

controls

lower

level abundance

predito

limit

density

of

prey

l

Medel

Bottom

up

control

nutrient

supply

low

trophic

levels

limits

higher

level

abundance

CASE STUDY

BIO

MANIPULATOR FOR

RESTORATION

manipulation

of

trophic

levels can

been used

to

control

higher

lower

tropic

level

populations

Fish

rave

Algae

blooms

Fish

abundant

I

could

be

mitigated

zooplanton

rare

zooplankton

abundant

by

removing

fish

Too

many

fish

I

Algaetabundent

Algae

rare

Landry consumer

weed

before

after

200 plankton

primary

consumer which A

Algae

primary

producer

DISTURBANCE

Event

that

changes

community

removes

organisms

l

alters resource

availability

a

widespread

or

local

fires

droughts

new

species

b

Moderate

disturbances

can

increase biodiversity

Todd

new successional

stage

prevent

commity

from

reading

mature fueledoral

stages

were lest

biodiversity

It

too

strong

preventslow

growing

species

establsing

If too

weak

allowdominant to

outcome

c

Disturbances

are

the

rule

constant no

species

at

true

stable

equilibria