Download Biology evolution study notes and more Study notes Evolutionary biology in PDF only on Docsity!
L
Systematics
f synoum^ to^ taxonomy
Ideatifing e^ naming^ Establising evolutionary relationships
btwn (^) taxa
i developing classifications
phylogenies determingevolutionary relationships btwn
species
e higher taxa Cladogram
s diagrams that
depict relative
degree
of relatedness^
among chosen taxa taxa (^) are groped on
shaved
evolututionay no eg fur^ in^ dogs e^ cats primitive state^ plesiomorphic É leg scales Inode reps lastcommas derived (^) state (^) apomorphic anasta leg feathers sister groups share (^) anode eg Dovet
Hawk cat^
dog
Building
trees
our (^) Example We need^ to^ estabish^ sister^ groups
based on
synomorphies
what
synomorphies
can we^ see 1
Eyes All^ but^ one
Anntea Common^ in^2 2 limbs^ All^ but^ one
flappy
common in^2 (^3) Ornaments common^ in 2 4
longbody c^
coma in 2 s feet comes^ in^3
there is^ one^ that has^
very
little in^ common
no eyes limbs ect^ that must be outgrop now (^) to (^) find sisters which (^) have most sym Al B^ Antenna^ flaps (^) long sister group Bec (^) foot ornament Alc eyes ogrutoup C^ B (^) A (^5) Al (^) B have most (^) sister
once established^ Yjggffee
it is the most^ parsimonious^ tree
DNA genomic data with parsimony DNA data^ matrix is (^) treated like^ morphological data^ matrix
the
Y represents plesimaphic If hard^
and cat^ have^ accelerated^ rate^ of
evo (^) false synapomorphies
will
appear btwn
them
long branch attraction^ accidental similarities (^) A data^ more^ support for wrong
tree statistical inconsistency
If you consider additional
changes they
are downweighted due to^ false^ tree
W
parsimony (^) only (^) pay
attention to^
synapomor
but w
knowlage of^ Arate of^ evo^ suspisios
of proposed sister
groups likely that^ similarities
arised onlyby chance
Maximum
likely
hood (^) like (^) weighted
uses all
sequence data to down weight (^) parsimony I
proposed synapomorphies
looks if (^) they
were due
to chance^ more^ deft^ more^
likely (^) only doe to (^) chance Terminology Symplesiomorphy
shared
primitivetrait^ eg
scales
in (^) reptiles not enough to^
formaclade^ as descendentswho
are (^) excluded birds Autapomorphy (^) Evolutionary novation^ present on only one^ branch^
of a
cladogram Homoplasy
character state that evolved^ more
then once^ in^ a^
cladogram
or evolves l^ is lost
REMINDER
appear
to be
homologs primitive state^ plesiomorphic leg scales derived (^) state (^) apomorphic leg feathers
Homologous structures
synamophies homologies
eg the basicforlimb^ structure of (^) tetrapods is
very
similar Buttheactual
configuration
may be (^) a (^) synomorphy of^ particular species
plesiomorphic to each^ species
depends
on origin homo
logos
are plesio same^ origin
homoplasies have^ no^ shared^
origin
Applying
DNA based^ phylogenetics the flu^ vaccine
rapid
evolution vaccine^ USED^ to^ be^ based^ on^ random
varient of last
year
untill a pylograph w^ respect to
branch
length no ot^ changes Now flu^ vaccineis^ basedon^ variant^ from^ prev year with the^
longest branch^
M
no
of changes HIV's origins simighasmmunodetiancy
phylogeny
of HN^ e^ SN^ monkey HIV^ shows humans
virus is^ polyphyletic multiple^ origins
as (^) we got it MANY diet times^ from^ primates
Dentist to^ patient transfer (^) of Hiv A dentist^ was accused^ of^
passing
Hiv to
patients a
phylogenetic
tree
showing the
multiple (^) patients and^ the^ dentits^ tho^
indicated
that (^) it was his (^) Hiv ans (^) the patients HN^ was^
most
closley
related similar
sequences
to
finding the paraphyly of patients sequences chimps then^ craagaten^ p
onlydiverge
from tnemmiieciiircoqgne.us finding
the rate^ of^ DNA dittereances^ of^ species
hoping
universal rate^ but^ disproven
only
phylogram
branch
length
can be^ used to
estimate (^) divergance times rate of^
change
is (^) relatively constant in^ clades
for
neutrally evolving^
DNA sequence
neutral (^) substitution changes
in DNA
that are^ neutral^ w^
respect
to substitution
Synonymous changes leg can (^) change order^ of bases (^) in a codon won't change the amino (^) acid
produced neutral rate^ of^ evolution
non synonymous (^) changes DO change
amino acid
Chrono grams (^) give relate
divergent
times based on^ maleate data ten calibrated^ w^ fossil^ record^ to^ get
absolute
divergence times 0 SSU^ rRNA as a^ phylogenetic
e tool
Small Subunit^ ribosomal^ RNA part of (^) machinery that^ makes^ protiens all organisms have it recognisable in
species
revealed 3
great domains of^ life Bacteria (^) Archaea Eucarya
