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Bio Notes - Bio Notes - Bio Notes, Study notes of Biology

University of TorontoBiology

Bio Notes - Bio Notes - Bio Notes

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 01/31/2026

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simi-alter ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฆ

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127. How long is 1 full turn of the DNA helix? How many base pairs are included in that
turn?
128. How long is the space between DNA bases?
129. What bonds hold;
a. Nucleotides of each strand? What gets bonded?
b. The 2 strands together? What gets bonded?
c. The molecule together? What gets bonded?
130. Why must it be a purine pyrimidine that base pairs with one another?
131. What were the features of Watson and Crick's model?
132. Explain the semi conservative model.
133. What are the 2 ways DNA is used ?
134. What is the origin of replication? Can there only be 1? How does it form?
135. Define the following terms in relation to DNA replication.
a. Helicase
b. Single strand protein
c. Topoisomerase
d. Primase
e. DNA pol III
f. DNA pol I
g. DNA ligase
h. Leading strand
i. Lagging strand
j. Okazaki fragments
136. How does the 5โ€™ to 3โ€™ direction of elongation affect the replication of DNA?
137. The elongation of the leading strand and lagging strand are quite similar. The only
difference between the two, is there is no pausing or jerky transition through to the
bottom of the template strand. Follow this diagram, what are the steps of DNA elongation
for both the leading strand and lagging strand?
a.
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pf4
pf5

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  1. How long is 1 full turn of the DNA helix? How many base pairs are included in that turn?
  2. How long is the space between DNA bases?
  3. What bonds hold; a. Nucleotides of each strand? What gets bonded? b. The 2 strands together? What gets bonded? c. The molecule together? What gets bonded?
  4. Why must it be a purine pyrimidine that base pairs with one another?
  5. What were the features of Watson and Crick's model?
  6. Explain the semi conservative model.
  7. What are the 2 ways DNA is used?
  8. What is the origin of replication? Can there only be 1? How does it form?
  9. Define the following terms in relation to DNA replication. a. Helicase b. Single strand protein c. Topoisomerase d. Primase e. DNA pol III f. DNA pol I g. DNA ligase h. Leading strand i. Lagging strand j. Okazaki fragments
  10. How does the 5โ€™ to 3โ€™ direction of elongation affect the replication of DNA?
  11. The elongation of the leading strand and lagging strand are quite similar. The only difference between the two, is there is no pausing or jerky transition through to the bottom of the template strand. Follow this diagram, what are the steps of DNA elongation for both the leading strand and lagging strand?

a.

  1. Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a triphosphate (dATP). What reaction is used to join the nucleotides? What 2 things are released during the reaction? What type of reaction is it?
  2. What other job might primase conduct?
  3. What is the trombone model?
  4. What do DNA polymerase do, in relation to errors in DNA?
  5. What is mismatch repair?
  6. How does nucleotide excision repair work? What is involved in running the process?
  7. Mutations are original sources of what? What do they aid in? What are they responsible for?
  8. How does the DNA shape for bacteria help them not age
  9. What are telomeres? Where do they exist?
  10. How do the 3โ€™ to 5โ€™ end rule affect DNA replication?
  11. How do telomeres combat the results of the above?
  12. Are gametes also affected by the above and why?
  13. What is the purpose of this shortening?
  14. In relation to telomerase, what do cancer cells not do?
  15. Define a. Histones b. Euchromatin c. Heterochromatin
  16. What are the levels of DNA packing? Explain what happens in each level.

Gene to protein

  1. Dna leads to specific traits by doing what?
  2. Proteins are the link between what 2 things?
  3. What is the definition of gene expression?
  4. What do genes do in relation to gene expression?
  5. How is RNA different from DNA
  6. How are nucleic acids and proteins similar? How are they different?
  7. What are the 2 stages required to get from DNA to protein?
  8. Define a. Translation b. Transcription c. mRNA d. Promoter e. Transcription unit f. Tata box g. Polyadenylation signal h. RNA polymerase II i. Codons
  1. What are the traits of a tRNA molecule?
  2. The tRNA molecule folds in on itself to keep itself more stable because it is not double stranded. This results in its 5โ€™ end and 3โ€™ end near one another and a loop of a specific sequence of triplet nucleotide (codon) at the other end. What is the role of the 3โ€™ end and the codon at the loop? What is the codon at the loop called?
  3. What are the 2 instances of molecular recognition for accurate translation?
  4. What is โ€œwobbleโ€?
  5. Ribosomes facilitate what in relation to protein synthesis?
  6. Ribosomes are made of a large and small subunit made of protein and a ribosomal RNA (rRNA). However it only forms a functional ribosome when what is attached to it?
  7. Why does medicine that target ribosomes work on bacteria but not eukaryotes?
  8. Ribosomes contain a binding site for mRNA and 3 for tRNA. Name the ones for tRNA. What do they do?
  9. There are 3 stages in translation that each require protein factors. What are the 3 stages?
  10. Walk through the following diagrams. What is taking place? What are the steps?

a.

b.

c. โ— What is differential gene expression?