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PowerLecture:

Chapter 10

Immunity and Disease

Section 1

Overview of Body

Defenses

Overview of Body Defenses

 Immunity is the body’s overall ability to resist and combat anything that is nonself.

• (^) Innate immunity encompasses pre-set responses that activate rapidly and in a generalized way to detected damage or invasion; usually carried out by certain white blood cells and plasma proteins.
• (^) Adaptive immunity responds to specific antigens on specific pathogens; this response takes longer to develop, but the body “remembers” what it sees and responds quicker the next time the same pathogen is seen.

Overview of Body Defenses

White blood cells and their chemicals are the defenders in immune responses.  White blood cells are the core of the immune system.

• (^) Phagocytes release chemicals called cytokines to further defense responses.
• (^) Cytokines regulate different aspects of the immune response; interleukins affect inflammation and fever, interferons defend against viruses, and tumor necrosis factor also affects inflammation and stimulates tumor cell death.

Overview of Body Defenses

 Complement is a group of about 30 blood proteins that can kill microbes or identify them for phagocytes to destroy.  White blood cells serve a variety of different functions in the immune response:

• (^) Neutrophils make up two-thirds of all white blood cells and work at the site of inflammation or damage.
• (^) Basophils and mast cells produce histamines in response to antigens.
• (^) Macrophages are the predominant phagocytes that patrol the bloodstream.

• Table 9.
• • Table 9.

Section 2

The Lymphatic System

Fig. 9. Bone Marrow Marrow in some bones is production site for infection- fighting blood cells (as well as red blood cells and platelets) Tonsils Defense against bacteria Right Lymphatic Duct and other foreign agents Drains right upper portion of the body Thymus Site where certain white blood cells acquire means to chemically recognize specific foreign invaders Thoracic Duct Drains most of the body Spleen Major site of antibody production; disposal site for old red blood cells and foreign debris; site of red blood cell formation in the embryo Some of the Lymph Vessels Return excess interstitial fluid and reclaimable solutes to the blood Some of the Lymph Nodes Filter bacteria and many other agents of disease from lymph

The Lymphatic System

The lymph vascular system functions in drainage, delivery, and disposal.  The lymph vascular system consists of lymph capillaries and other vessels linking it to the cardiovascular system.

• (^) Water and solutes that drain from the blood vessels collect in the lymphatic vessels and are returned to the blood via these vessels.
• (^) The lymphatic vessels pick up absorbed fats and deliver them to the blood.
• (^) Lymphatic vessels also transport foreign material to the lymph nodes for disposal.

The Lymphatic System

Lymphoid organs and tissues are specialized for body defense.  Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymph vessels; lymphocytes congregate in these nodes, making them key battlefields in fighting off pathogens.

Fig. 9. blood capillary bed Lymph capillaries flaplike “valve” formed from overlapping cells at the tip of a lymph capillary interstitial fluid lymph capillary

The Lymphatic System

 The spleen filters blood and serves as a holding station for large numbers of lymphocytes. It is filled with red and white tissue called pulp.  T cells are produced and become specialized in the thymus.

Section 3

Surface Barriers