Introduction to General Chemistry- Chp 1
Matter:
Classification of matter
Matter
Pure substances
Elements Compounds
Ionic Molecular
Mixtures
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Elements:
Compounds:
Mixture:
Types of mixtures:
Methods of separation:
Atoms, molecules, Ions
A proper symbol is made up of 3 parts
Mass number is the sum of the number
of protons and number of neutrons in
an atom
Atomic number is the number of protons
in an atom
Atoms:
Atomic structure
"Anyth ing
that
has
mass
and
occupies
space
A
type
of
matter
that
cannot
be
broken
down
into
two
or
more
pure
substances
A
type
of
matter
that
contains
two
or
more
substances
combined
ex
:
Oz
or
Oxygen
A
pure
substance
that
contains
more
than
one
element
in
such
a
way
that
each
substance
retains
its
chemical
identity
.
homogeneous
mixture
(uniform)
A
fixed
composition
of
elements
ex
CO2
not
log
↳
heterogeneous
mixture
(non-uniform)
>
NaCl
heal
>
CO2
Methods
of
separation
electrolysis
E
see
different
~
can't
see
different
5
filtration
eseparates
solids
from
liquid/yasses
through
a
filter
components
components
ex
:
Salad
ex
:
Smoothie
Distillation
-
separates
liquids
by
boiling
transfe
a
Crystallization
-
Separates
solid
from
liquid
by
forming
crystals
Extraction
separates
substances
based
on
their
solubility
in
different
liquids
chromatography
+
Separates
components
of
a
mixture
based
on
how
they
move
a
different
speeds
Wit
electrons
ei
-Elections
take
up
most
of
the
space
in
an
atom
most
chemical
properties
Composed
of
atomic
nucleus
:
protons
and
neutrons
An
element
can't
be
broken
down
are
due
to
electrons
-
All
atoms
in
an
element
behave
the
↳
Atomic
number
(2)
S
same
way
chemically
,
I share
the
same
-
When
atoms
react
it
is
the
electrons
that
interact
·
Atomic
mass
(A)
Atomic
number
·
Nuclear
symbol
example
:
Atoms
can't
disappear
or
change
elements
immee
16
j
"Au
-Quantum
Mechanism
g
a
Isotopes
#H-
normal
hydrogen
On
Hage
,
Erwin
Schrodinger
invented
quartom
mechanis
Put
a
Atoms
are
electrically
neutral
go
there
is
also
a
negatively
charged
particle
called
an
eection
1)
Contains
a
tiny
dense
center
called
nucleus
·
To
maintain
zero
change
the
number
of
protons
electrons
must
be
the
same
=>
·
If
portors
&
dectent
are
T
equal
the
atom
will
have
a
charge
an
be
called
an
IN
-
nucleus
takes
up
about
10
trillionth
the
volume
of
the
atom
2)
Nucleus
has
essentially
the
entire
mass
of
the
atom
-
electron
weighs
so
little
they
give
practically
no
mass
to
the
atom
Show
the
distribution
of
all
elections
in
an
atom
3)
Nucleus
is
positively
charged
Se
,
Number
of
electrons
-Amount
of
positive
charge
balances
negative
charge
of
the
elections
in
those
orbitals
4)
Electrons
are
dispersed
in
the
empty
space
of
the
atom
surrounding
the
nucleus
Legend
&D
:
Type
of
orbital
=
rat
Di
Protons
are
positively
charged
with
a
Each
box
represents
Li
mass
of
about
1
atomic
mass
unit
one
orbital
Is
28
Half
arrows
represent
the
election
The
identity
of
an
element
is
defined
as
The
direction
of
the
arrow
represents
the
spir
its
number
of
proton
also
called
Atomic
number
of
the
electron
The
sum
of
protons
and
neutrons
is
P
called
the
mass
number
Isotopes
:
Same
number
of
portons
but
DAufbau
Order-Elections
are
placed
in
orbitals
to
give
the
lowest
total
energy
of
the
atom
Is-1st[p
>
3s-Spe4e3delp
different
number
of
neutrons
&
Pauli
Exclusion
-
No
two
electrons
in
an
atom
have
identical
sets
of
4
quantum
#s
B
Hunds
Rule-Electrons
have
to
occupy
all
the
orbitals
of
a
given
sublet
singly
before
pairing
beging
⑪
Stability
of
filled
I
half
filled
obitals
is
high
-
