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PowerLecture:

Chapter 7

Blood

Learning Objectives

Describe the composition and functions of blood.

Explain how red blood cells transport oxygen.

Explain the basis of blood typing.

Define hemostasis and distinguish it from homeostasis.

Describe various blood disorders.

Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and Platelets

Blood is a connective tissue; it contains plasma, blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets.

Adult women of average size have 4- liters of blood in their bodies; men have slightly more.

Blood makes up 6-8 % of your body weight.

Fig. 8.

red

blood

cell

platelets

white

blood

cell

Fig. 8.

Components Relative Amounts Functions

Plasma portion (50%-60% of total volume):

Plasma portion (50%-60% of total volume):

1. Water
2. Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, etc.)
3. Ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, dissolved gasses 91%-92% of plasma volume 7%-8% 1%-2% Solvent Defense, clotting, lipid transport, roles in extracellular fluid volume, etc. Roles in extracellular fluid volume, pH, etc.
4. White blood cells: Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes(macrophages) Eosinophils Basophils
5. Platelets
6. Red blood cells 3,000-6, 1,000-2, 150- 100- 25- 250,00-300, 4,800,000-5,400, per microliter Phagocytosis during inflammation Immune responses Phagocytosis in all defense responses Defense against parasitic worms Secrete substances for inflammatory response and for fat removal from blood Roles in clotting Oxygen, carbon dioxide transport

Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and Platelets  (^) Red blood cells carry oxygen and CO 2 .  Erythrocytes , or red blood cells , (45% of whole blood) are biconcave disks.

• (^) They contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that binds with oxygen.
• (^) They also carry a small amount of carbon dioxide.  Red blood cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.

natural killer cells eosinophils neutrophils basophils mast cells B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

dendritic cells macrophages

platelets

red blood

cells

(erythrocytes)

forerunners of white blood cells (leukocytes)

monocytes

(immature

phagocytes)

stem cells

in marrow

megakaryocytes

Fig. 8.

Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and Platelets

Platelets help clot blood.  Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes produced by bone marrow stem cells.  They are short lived (1 week), numerous, and function in blood clotting.

How Blood Transports Oxygen

Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier.  Only a tiny amount of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma.  Most of the oxygen is bound to the heme groups of hemoglobin; oxygen-bearing hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin.

What determines how much oxygen hemoglobin can carry?

How Blood Transports Oxygen

 The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin changes as conditions in the tissues vary.

• (^) Binding of oxygen is favored by conditions in the lungs: abundant oxygen, cooler temperature, and neutral pH (in lungs).
• (^) Release of oxygen is favored in the tissues where the oxygen levels are lower, temperatures higher, and pH more acidic.
• (^) Hemoglobin also transports a small amount of carbon dioxide.

How Blood Transports Oxygen

 Each hemoglobin molecule has four polypeptide chains (globin proteins), each of which possesses a heme group containing an iron molecule; each iron binds one molecule of oxygen.

coiled and twisted

polypeptide chain

of one globin

molecule

heme group

Fig. 8.

Section 4

Blood Types –

Genetically Different Red

Blood Cells

• Table 8.