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BIOD 151 MODULE 4 CERTIFICATION
ASSESSMENT 2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
SHEET
โ Lateral. Answer: away from midline โ Intermediate. Answer: between medial/lateral โ Proximal. Answer: closer to the point of attachment of a limb โ Distal. Answer: farther from the point of attachment of a limp โ Superficial/external. Answer: towards body surface โ Deep/internal. Answer: away from body surface โ Flexion. Answer: closing joint โ extension. Answer: opening a joint โ abduction. Answer: movement away from midline of body
โ adduction. Answer: movement towards midline โ dorsiflexion. Answer: flexion superiorly at ankle - toes up โ plantarflexion. Answer: flexion inferiorly at ankle - toes down โ Radial deviation. Answer: lateral movement of wrist toward the radius โ Ulnar deviation. Answer: medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna โ pronation. Answer: rotation of forearm so palm is turned posteriorly palm down โ supination. Answer: rotation of forearm so the palm is turned anteriorly, palm up โ elevation. Answer: upward movement โ depression. Answer: downward movement
โ ventral cavity. Answer: thoracic cavity - 2 pleural cavities and pericardial cavity abdominopelvic cavity - abdominal and pelvic cavity โ Serosa. Answer: covers walls of central body cavity and outer surfaces of organs โ Pleurisy. Answer: inflammation of the pleura - membrane in the pleural cavity (parietal and visceral pleura) โ Nine quadrants of abdomen. Answer: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar Right hypogastric, hypogastric, left hypogastric โ Synovial cavities. Answer: joint capsules โ Tiny ear bones in middle ear cavity. Answer: malleus, incus, stapes โ Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Answer: Prokaryotic: smaller, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
โ Nucleus. Answer: carries DNA Control center for the cell โ Ribosomes. Answer: protein synthesis โ Smooth ER. Answer: lipid synthesis no ribosomes โ Rough ER. Answer: modifies and transports proteins from the ribosomes that are found along its surface โ RNA. Answer: transfer coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis โ Golgi aparatus. Answer: shipping/receiving center for lipids and proteins alters structure and ships to other parts of cell โ lysosomes. Answer: contains digestive enzymes โ Mitochondria. Answer: convert energy from food to ATP
โ peripheral protein. Answer: protein bound to surface of membrane โ integral protein. Answer: protein that channels through entire membrane โ selective permeability. Answer: membrane allows only certain substances to pass โ Diffusion. Answer: passive movement of molecules down concentration gradient does not require energy โ active transport. Answer: requires energy moves molecules against concentration gradient โ special transport. Answer: endocytosis and exocytosis โ three types of endocytosis. Answer: phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis
โ phagocytosis. Answer: pseudopods extend and engulf particles (fingers) phagosome - food vacules โ pinocytosis. Answer: pinch into cell โ receptor mediated endocytosis. Answer: ligand (signalling molecule) binds with receptor protein and signals membrane protein changes shape specific enzymes activated catalyze release of ATP to power metabolic changes in cell โ exocytosis. Answer: Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material vesicle engulfs large molecule and fuses with membrane to get rid of it โ Osmosis. Answer: diffusion of water โ hypertonic. Answer: higher concentration of solutes outside of cell water leaves cell leaving shriveled up
