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BIOD 171 MODULE 6 CERTIFICATION
EXAMINATION 2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
SHEET
โ Describe the composition of HIV. Answer: HIV contains two copies of single-stranded, linear RNA that is enclosed by a capsid. The conical capsid surrounds the two RNA strands and is comprised of ~2,000 copies of the viral protein p24. A viral envelope derived from the cell host membrane then surrounds the viral capsid. Within this envelope are two key glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, which are essential for viral binding and entry into the host cell. โ What are the 2 basic components of a virus? Answer: 1)genomic material comprised of DNA or RNA 2)capsid membrane-like protective structure that contains genetic material similar to nucleus of eukaryotic cells. โ Smallpox virus Answer: (variola virus) enveloped, 200nm long, dumbell shaped viral capsid โ Polio virus Answer: non-enveloped and 30 nm in diameter โ Paramyxovirus Answer: enveloped, spherical, single stranded, linear, and 100-150 nm in diameter, causative agent of measles and
mumps, fuse with host cell membrane to initiate entry and viral replication. โ Orthomyxovirus Answer: causative agent of influenza, contains 8 segments of RNA and enters the host cell via endocytosis. โ Virion Answer: a single virus particle and has a capsid and genetic material โ Why is the structure of a virion important? Answer: It dictates the host cell that the virion can infect. โ What are the 3 shapes of viral capsids? Answer: Helical, Icosahedral, Complex โ What are viral spikes? Answer: glycoprotein extensions on the capsid or envelop of a virion and helps identify and bind to a host cell, โ How do RNA vaccines work? Answer: They produce spike proteins so the immune system learns to identify the virus before patient gets sick. โ DNA viral genomes Answer: - circular or linear
โ dsRNA Answer: use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for transcription (rotovirus) โ 2 ways of entry Answer: Membrane fusion and endocytosis โ Membrane fusion Answer: virus attaches to target proteins on surface of cell.fuses envelop with membrane because the membrane makes up the viral envelop, โ Endocytosis Answer: enveloped and naked viruses can use this, virus binds to receptors on plasma membrane and the cell will endocytose the virion โ acute nonpersistent infection Answer: develop quickly and resolve quickly, common cold โ Latent/Persistent Infections Answer: - distinguished by flare-ups with intermittent periods of dormancy called quiet periods
- During the flare-up: virions are shared and the person experiences symptoms โ chronic/persistent infections Answer: replication is low and may stay low, during quiet period host may still be infectious, years later replication ramps up, attachment, entry, uncoating, reverse
transcriptase, make provirus, replicate, assemble, new virions released โ structure of bacteriophage Answer: icosahedral capsid head with genome, collar-helps sense the environment, sheath- contractile protein that produces a tube to move nucleic acides from the capsid to the host cell, base plate- important for interaction with the host cell, tail fibers- initiate binding to receptors on target cell โ 2 pathways for bacteriophage replication Answer: 1) lytic 2) lysogenic โ lytic replication Answer: Replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cell, replicate all viral proteins needed for the assembly of new virus particles โ lysogenic replication Answer: used by temperate phages, integrated, cell division, lytic cycle, primarily exist in a non- replicative state that does not kill the host cell. genomes are integrated into the host genome but production of viral proteins is suppressed. โ How do you culture bacteriophages? Answer: Need bacterial cultures and bacteriophages, done in liquid or solid media
โ Vesicular rash Answer: Vesicles; fluid filled blisters (e.g. herpes, chicken pox) โ Maculopapular rash Answer: rash with a flat red area that also has raised bumps (rubella and measles) โ Rubella Answer: German measles (togaviridae virus) a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash, transmitted bu aerosols, treatment: MMR vaccine โ Rubeola Answer: measles, virus: paramyxoviridae, transmitted via respiratory droplets, fever sore throat, Koplik's spots, maculopapular rash, treatment: MMR vaccine โ epidemic parotitis Answer: mumps, affects digestive system, enveloped linear single stranded RNA paramyxovirus, transmitted by respiratory droplets and salive, MMR vaccine โ Chickenpox (Varicella) Answer: enters through respiratory tract and migrates to blood, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, then moves from blood to skin producing lesions โ What happens when latent particles of chicken pox reactivate? Answer: shingles develop
โ Shingles Answer: A reactivation of the chickenpox virus in the body, causing a painful rash. Rash is isolated to single area (back, face, but does not cross mid-line) โ Smallpox (Variola) Answer: Caused by an orthropoxvirus Two forms of the disease Variola major has 20% mortality Variola minor has <1% mortality Transmitted via the respiratory route, moves into the bloodstream, and infects the skin Completely eradicated from the human population by vaccination Potential bioterrorism agent eradicated in 1977 โ Live attenuated vaccines Answer: Weakened pathogens [mimic the natural behavior]; modify the pathogen so it is unable to cause disease but exposes the immune system to antigen so it will develop antibodies (Varicella-zoster, MMR, oral polio (not in US)) โ Polio Answer: poliomyelitis, attacks CNS, not eradicated in war ravaged or developing countries, vaccination is necessary, transmitted by fecal, oral route, virus: picornaviridae, single
โ Coronavirus Associated Infections Answer: SARS, MERS, SARS- CoV-2 (Covid 19) prevention: recombinant vector vaccine or mRNA vaccine โ Recombinant vector vaccines Answer: a gene for a pathogens antigens is inserted into a love but non-pathogenic viral vector โ mRNA vaccine Answer: mRNA encoding for the viral protein is inserted into a liposome which fuses with cells near the injection site (COVID 19 vaccine contains antigen coronavirus spike protein) โ AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Answer: Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise โ
