Biological Classification, Lecture notes of Botany

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Biological Claification

at HK i ry © 41.3~ 1:8 million species described sO 4or. 3-4 Ques” * Since dawn 64 civilisation. . Cstart) v Orgenisms classified + on basis oF feed _shetters clotting. [Not scientific method J Aristotle + -Jather of Biology > Foology, ist gcienti¢i de haan ; organisms is: re 0 ical characters. \ Artificial System of Llassifica™ Plants Animaly f V (a “small Shrubs + tall iT - medium. | Enaima Anaima. height Corolus Linnaeus : - Fother of Taxonomy e Binomi f o Kingdom Mararfication ~ farliey system v Uhosis: Cen walt Vv Plantae + Animalia - eg Bacievia blve -green algae ey: Protozoa Dinoflagellates “pigtoms Truntebrale- fungi, Algae, Mosses (Bra), Voutebratew ferns (pteride). Gymno, Aryio * 2 Kingdom, classifica didnt digg bl: |. Prokary otes t Cukeryokoy Chacteria, BUA) a. Unicellulay _* Mutticellular _organiemy Ceg. Chlamydomonas) leg. Spirogyra ) - 3. Autotrophic ond __Heterotro phic Cphotosynthetic) eq. Fungi a. Algae 4 Cw = Chitin CG CH: Cellulose 4.Some__organivms__do_not fit _tither category, 4. { 0! : Autotrophic i- Plantoe - 3. Kingdom. (iassifica™ —~, Plantae Animaian Protisto. © multicetlulay ° multicellular * AIL Unicel Lore e CW. +nk e CW. —nk organism Copeland + 4 Kingdom Classifica” Plantae Animalia Protista. Monero. ° multicellular © multicellular “AIL MUnicellular « AWW ° CW. tnt CW. -nk eukaryotes Prokaryotey + - RW. Whittaker > 1969 t v L J ¥ Planige Animalia Protista Monera Funge * Multicellular * Moulticellular «all vk © all Prokaryotes ° i Cukaryotes eukaryotes wnicelldlar —_Uhicewar eukaryotes ° CW + *cW- ° cw +/- °C wtl- * CW. +nt bod Asffer from, * Auto ° Heteyo * huto/ * Kutof pen plants Hetero Hetero Secnitin ° Hetero bon |Moneva___—Protista, Fungi. _P | MN Type [Prokoryotic ————_ Ltvkar yotic > Nucleor A |_memorane bsent <—___—— Present. ———————> Body i ————S— Cellwar Cellular Munt{cellue r ————— Organiso” Loose ssve Tissue, Tissue, orgen } } OVoan or Coe Wolk [Present : - gen spsten except ees " Prenank | Pregame fosenk Mycoplasma Oudinn (re Treas Codbulose ‘no id & non Cellulosic | | bMorein Mode o Avtotrophic ; Nutri Ht ems) Avtotraphic Heterotrephs Photosynthetic Hetero and Soprophytix Hole201e Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Derasi [ (Sapro] (sopro, Parasitic arasitic Yorasi tic Povasitic) holo2oic) 8: Chlamydomonas is +nt_in Kingdom ~ a) Plantae VY c) fungi d) Morera g: Chlamydomonas is +nt_in Kingdom ~ a) Plan tae —b) Animalia. c) Protistas “(first Choice) d)__Monera PyQ: Most diverse —_nvtrition > a) Plantae a) Monera 6) Animatia, b) Plantae c) Fungi c) Animalia d) Monera V 4) Protista v Cfirst choice) Laue to tne of Sdvanced character G Holozoie King dom Nonera ee Cubacteria ce\l_ wall Archaebacteria -1¢ motile, Fragetia a 2 er’ Bacteria _ Cyanobacteria Mycoplasma t]- reen - motile) aloae "=. hon_motile . Nutrition in Bacteria | f V Autotrophic Hleterotrophic * organic “C’ nic food va eq. C02 Glucose HB abondant ° bacteria only 0 depend on other organisms or dead matter for good £ 7 Y Seprophy tic __ Symbiotic Parasitic * Decom posers o+,+ 2 +,- * feed ondea . decaying organic host matter. * Some ore KS pathogent Cdisease causing) Parasitic Bacteria : 1) Seltannett typhi. iyphoid. i humans 2.) Nibrie cholerze 3 Cholera 3.) Clostridium tetani Tetanus 4.) Xanthomonas citri : Citrus canker Plants Symi Bacteria : ~ 00th OF duguiminous _ plants ~ roo Hetero trophic n txer: (atm-) Ammonta Can Line freely soil] Aerobic busi do not fin Nitrogen. ubo ‘\ in via i of ruminant __cattles ~ Like cow, bubhdlo; ete. i i ‘ine Ly synthesi se. Heterotrophic Bacteria ‘in tyuman cobbairs 4) MILK ——+———_curD doctic acid bacteria [LABI eg Lactobacillus b)_ Antibiotic producing Rarkeria Soprophytic Gacteria_: C2) \ Absorb Enzymes. organic mater Inorganic Also _kla BPecomposers Photosynthetic Bacteria : cc Anoxygentec Ory genie Photo Sy nthelic Photosynthelrc e Primitive pigments like ° Chlovo phyAL pigment +nt Bacterio chloro hy ere tnt yet ° Both PST and PST +t e Only SY nk o Use as 4’ source. > Ose FEB nan 420 a5 WG SH’ soorce © Release SS th dtm © Compoond like HaS Used oe, BAA. * Relcane Solphwr | Suiphats In___ dtm. Purple _Suiphun Bacteria ( PSB) “4 Green Sulbhur Backeowe CSB) C Nutrition in Bacteria —y Avtotrophs Coajority ) Hetero -rophs <— ~+\ Sapw phytic (mayor) Photosyn. Chemosyn. Parasitic co F Sutphor bacteria _ 4row bacteria Symbjotic Anoxy- __ Oxy - Ni tifying bacteria enic dro acteria jae gine yaregen GSB - Respiration In Bacteria 4 Gvcose brezkdown, (oO. + WoO Energy [ATP AEROBIC —ss—‘i‘“‘ NRE ROB IC ~—ra te fawltative Obligate fawltative Aevobie Aevobic Anaerobes Anaerobes cant survive _ can survive cant svrvive _can_ survive wfo Oo W/o 02 wjo Che Wio Or 9. L Mycoplasma. 2. RniZobiuny 3. frankia ASEXUAL TRUE SEXUAL sort of SEXUAL Mya © Some sort of primitive © No meiosis methed of DNA transfer cond”* 0 No fertilrsa™ oDNA Veplica™ prior to a) Lonjuga” : una” Sission® prior > ? by nh e formation b) Tronsforma” : +nrough. o in BRRRRRRES cond"® mediom o Means oF Perenalion [to tide over unfov. cond”) O Tansdue™: by Bacteriophage Wal\ — loose water — Slow metabolism CYANOBACTERIA or Blue Green ALgae __%* Photosynthetic Avtotrophs- [ oxygenic ¢ First Ovganivm to release free Oa into otm 2 Thy ' Luci idisi * Chlorophyll ‘a’, like green. Chigher) plant « PO ili i ei in Cred) A C * ice lular Colo 0 05 pss i 25-Anacbina _ . oy ones ie sae Ne . ¢ ae” « Covered by Qetatinovs sheath. _Cmuditage) * Occorene —> |) fresh tro 2) Marine _420 3) Terrestriat ® j ‘0 iav __Thichodesmiom erytnreum, Red Tide: Gonyaviax., DinoFlagdiates CProtista) ) + Form "Bloom" jn outed —_yyatur yyodien L Excessive orowth, 4 > rain & dis e) y __ Harm _ aquatic life —_¢ Non motile ° Reproduction Binary fission Froqmentetion Atm. tr Ns eactati Ce\l \Nevabi oBoth PST ? esplit of H20 tnt * Oa velease -+nt ° Nitrogenase enzyme inactive Hetevo cyst ) } oe Nifixo® ABSEN ° Onu +nt * COa fixa” f Photosynthesis tnt ° No hit Q 0: 20 6 No photo Mhesis eNo 02 release ° Thick w Cimper vious S © Anaerobic cond’ © Nitro achive oo Na “fixaeon tnt _* Some ___Na - fixing Cyanobacteria is __4) _NOStoc. 5 + Bothy free Diving > symbiotic v Ry o2ojlae cucadae \ ™s coin le ) oj railoid 00 Azolla Cyras a .C Aquatic fern, Preridephy te) e Cycas Cqyrmnos perm) jro —- iving Go ry © most Lom mo ny Ur2A in, pally fields ARCHAE BACTERIA ~ Can Jive in some of harsh conditions ~Dve to different coll wall structure L _________Responsible__for__sorvival tn ee eveme Conditions 4 OW: Psevdomorein a. Histone; “Present protein. Bran ethano jal ermo -atido ° S of e © hi etude of Ruminant qreac ¢ high dudity animals] catiles * fauulfative anaerobes +_in_Hot $ springs be Hetero tvophs *facuttokive anaerobes. _form_ BinGAs -from “Chemo - avtotrophs duung of these C= ttasoy Lrerobie) H4umold, S—> H25 (Anaerobic) CCHY + C024 Hot H26) ‘Obligate anaerobes. _* Chemecuikotroptus b By Ernst __WaeckeL O AW Single cell Evkoryotes & Noclevs +nt 0 Memb. bound organelles +nt ~ Some heave Cellulosic cell wall o 80¢ ribosomes +nt _t- Locomotion -— ® flagetta | Tubulin protein rH by cilia {9+2Jj +» c) Pseodopodisv 0- Reproduc™ ——> Asexval Gexval_ ——> by ceAL fusion Coomete) + _ Ckrue) Zygote fomma irst ( Vr DO Link blw Monera _ fungi) plants ) animale + Primarily AQUATIC & Boundaries not well defined. Sen rene} 5 Some biologists — “ert [> Plants — Coreen algae) Fe) , « CW). tnt Ko Photosynthedic Protists Unicellular Eukaryot > Red DinoFlegeilates — Rapid —_Maxes Sea appear J MU Itiplica” ved 2g. Gonyoulax. Crep Tipe ~ Asexual w ry fission) + CHRYSOPHYTES Qj i = Golden Algae ro 2 shells. L> Microscopic in Water A = Plankton Ly Chief produren of Oceans C Diatoms) Ly Bot c Moavine fresh water i 6 i H WoL as soop box. C Diatoms) L edded w) SI Cre ‘ ruc cell wall un them habitat + Accumutoke over Billions of Years called °© Diatomaceous Earthy”? NY being Gritty C Rough, dus to silica) Oy vt Used _in a) Polishing b) Fitteva™ of oils + Sy ps EUGLENOIDS [” tne of Aunkeght v Photosynthetic CAuko trophs) chiov ophylt 2 ,b Like higher plants> T In_absence of sunlight —> Heterotrophs —» predation of Cholozeic ) Smoller anim ols Mixotrophic_hvtrition contractile vawole Pellicle ~ non ater — Contractle _. hed cin Vaunole Osmoregu\e tion ~ Connecting fink b/w plants _* animale ~ Asexual @ Clongitudinat B. Fission 1 Sexval Rep. absent SLIME MOULDS / Protistian dungi > Saprophytic Probisks = tay mots along decay, alps + Aave En i oraqanic motier