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pumps (ion or molecular) unicellular multicellular
Cells and Cell Transport
Vocabulary cell tissue cell membrane (plasma membrane) nucleus ribosome mitochondrion chloroplast protein synthesis active transport carrier (transport) proteins
concentration gradient diffusion endocytosis endoplasmic reticulum endosymbiosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion extracellular golgi apparatus impermeable
intracellular organelle osmosis passive transport plastids
Concepts to Know
What is the Cell Theorv?
- All living things are made of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
- New cells are produced from existing cells.
Differences between Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
. 1. Prokaryotic Cells: Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane Bound compartments (Genetic material (DNA) is in a circular molecule) (simple) i.e. bacteria. -Hvpothesized that the first type of cells on earth were prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic Cells: Cells with membrane bound compartments with organelles such as, the nucleus. (more complex) i.e. animal and plant cells
Directions: Write a P if the statement refers to Prokaryotes and an E ifthe statement refers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write a B on the line,
p 1. This type(s) of cell does not have bound compartments. .B_ 2. This type(s) of cell contains DNA. L 3. This type(s) of cell contains organelles. e 4. A bacteria cell is an example of this type of cell. L5. This type(s) of cell contains a nucleus.
Eukaryotic
Cell Structures & Functions All cells are enclosed by a cell membrane (plasma membrane). Within the membrane is the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm are organized structures that perform specific functions. These structures are called organelles. Please Note-The letters next to the structure of the cell indicates if it is found in A =animal cells and P = plant cells.
(A, P) Cell Membrane- surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which substances enter and exit the cell. Some substances can pass freely through the cell membrane and others cannot, the membrane is said to be selectively permeable, or semipermeable. The cell membrane is composed of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins.
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(A, P) Nucleus- control center for all cell functions. Within the nucleus are chromosomes and at least one nucleolus. The nucleolus is a site of RNA synthesis, and it may also be responsible for the production of ribosomes.
(A, P) Cytoplasm- the material in the cell outside the nucleus. It consists mainly of water. Within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the cell. The cytoplasm provides the environment in which the organelles carryon the life processes of the cell.
- What are two characteristics about mitochondria and chloroplast that make it similar to prokaryotic bacteria cells?)NA \oo):S )fo)l..()..."O~\G) ~,~\e 6("C~\GL\ ".A.c\eol~ C.e\ d~", ~~on 'os. ~'Y1se\ve S ~o.T '::' -Je ''j- S~m' \ox- t-D whet1- :)0..<:" \e (\ (A.. c.e \ cH~hS.OfL \NC).\ \ct De..
(A, P) Mitochondria- are found in the cytoplasm. Most stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of high-energy chemical bonds in molecules of ATP.
(P}Chloroplasts-contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria & Chloroplast-Developed from prokaryotic cells? WHAT?!?! Check out this really good explanation ...http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAjevOlmDZM 01\(1 MVe. to W(\Cn.. J_<y\n,.'-t-re of \t,de 0
Related questions:
(A, P) Ribosomes- are small, dense granules(look like tiny circles on the diagrams) found free in
the cytoplasm and the nucleus and lining the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA. They are the centers of protein synthesis in the cell.
(A, P) Endoplasmic reticulum-is a membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell. The membranes of the ER may also serve as sites of biochemical reactions. There are two types smooth and rough. The rough appearance is due to the presence of ribosomes on the membrane. Rough ER is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis. Smooth ERwhich has no ribosomes, is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of nonprotein substances.
(A, P) Golgi Apparatus- is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed sacs, and it is usually found near the nucleus. This
organelle is associated with the production of Iysosomes and with the synthesis of various secretions. GOl91 Appua'bJ$
Two Types of Cellular Transport The cell membrane is semipermeable, some substances can pass through it freely, while others cannot. The movement of substances that can pass freely through the membrane depends only on the concentration gradient for that substance.
Diffusion
- Passive Transport Does not use energy Moves from a high concentration to a low concentration Examples: (^) e solute Facilitated Diffusion •^ Diffusion:^ The movement^ of particles^ from^ regions of higher density to regions of lower density across the cell membrane
- Facilitated Diffusion: Transport proteins help ions and polar molecules diffuse through the membrane
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- Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Hypertonic ":"":.""'." JSQtonil:
Types of Solutions
Turgid Cell swells
Plasmolyzed Cell shrinks
Flaccid
Cell stays same
- Active Transport Requires energy Moves from a low concentration to a high concentration Examples:
- Endocytosis: The movement of a large substance into a cell by means of a vesicle
- Exocytosis: The movement of material out of a cell by means of a vesicle
- Circle the diagram letter ~Shows
Endocytosis? A or V
- Circle the diagra~tter that shows Exocytosis? ~ or B
Sodium-potassium pump: One of the most important carrier proteins in animal cells. In nerve cells the pump is used to generate gradients of both sodium and potassium ions. These gradients are used to propagate electrical signals that travel along nerves.
~ Watch this cool animation on the sodium-potassium pump, and take the quiz! Record your answers to the
questions below as you take the quiz.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites!9834092339/stude nt viewO!cha pter38!sod iu m- potassium exchange pump.html
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More Questions!
- Wha.tispassivetransport? (' .~ h' , C t-( -'6r1.t-O 0..1'. o-I.eo...- Sl-LbS\Qrtce.S YVlDVe. t('Ol'Yl Of\c:tSeo- vJ) ~(.. CYlte~ CL v-J~ \DvV cot'\ce.r'.-t(Q-\IC>I~) '(10 e..n..oxd'i- \S '(u1/(ed!used
- The paramecium is a fresh water protozoan. The salt content of its cytoplasm is greater than that of the surrounding medium.
a. Does water tend to enter or leave the paramecium? Is this process of passive or active transport?
e'l+e., ?aSS~ve.
b. How dors the paramecium expel water? Is this a process of passive or active transport? Explain. CoY'rfC'o.c-V,)e. VQ.Cuo)e., Ac..~'_"e.. ) fe'bvi(~5 ~~,'(Y1bl/e.s )..)Q~ ec a..cao..·'('l~t Co'(\ce.ntrQ.-'16In. ~ctd'ef\t-
- Where does the energy for active transport come from? \ I '' A''P ''Y)e:>\E:Cu..\e... -71"YJo-de durfl3- ce le5-p{o.:,)Oi..
Practice Questions:
- Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle? ~ ATP to light l..!:) light to chemical c. heat to electrical d. chemical to chemical
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move? a. orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane G concentration gradient across the plasma membrane c. configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane d. location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane
- A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane? a. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis. @ Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion. c. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis. d. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.
- Most organisms can be divided into two categories - prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What is the main difference between these two categories? a. Eukaryotes are living organisms whereas prokaryotes include some nonliving matter. b. Prokaryotes do not possess any means of locomotion and are thus unable to move. m Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Y. Eukaryotes are found in all of the six major taxonomic kingdoms.
When a person inhales, oxygen fills tiny air sacs in the person's lungs. Next the oxygen moves from these air sacs into
small blood vessels that line the lungs, and then it moves into the bloodstream so that it can be transported around the
body.
Oxygen moves by random molecular motion from the air sacs of the lungs to the blood vessels because the concentration
of oxygen in the air sacs is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood vessels.
- This movement of oxygen molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is ~ownas \V diffusion b. osmosis c. respiration d. photosynthesis
- Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell's a. Iysosomes. b. plastids. n~ chloroplasts. V mitochondria.
Open-ended Question:
- Some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane. Part A: Identify the process in the cell membrane that produ~s this difference in concentration.
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