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Chemistry Notes.docx....Chemistry Notes.docx, Exams of Nursing

University of CambridgeNursing

Chemistry Notes.docx....Chemistry Notes.docx

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Chemistry Notes
What is chemistry? - correct answer The study of matter, it's properties, the
changes that mater undergoes, and the energy associated with these changes.
What is matter? - correct answer Anything that has both mass and volume. The
"stuff" of the universe.
What is meant by composition? - correct answer The types and amounts of simpler
substances that make up a sample of matter.
What are properties? - correct answer The characteristics that give each substance
a unique identity.
What are substances? - correct answer A type of matter that has a defined, fixed
composition.
What are the three types of matter? - correct answer Elements, Molecules, and
Compounds
Elements - correct answer The simplest type of matter with unique physical and
chemical properties. Elements consist of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken
down into any simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
Molecules - correct answer A structure that consists of two (diatomic) or more
atoms that are chemically bound together and thus behaves as an independent
unit.
Compounds - correct answer Consists of two or more different elements that are
chemically bound.
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Chemistry Notes

What is chemistry? - correct answer The study of matter, it's properties, the changes that mater undergoes, and the energy associated with these changes. What is matter? - correct answer Anything that has both mass and volume. The "stuff" of the universe. What is meant by composition? - correct answer The types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter. What are properties? - correct answer The characteristics that give each substance a unique identity. What are substances? - correct answer A type of matter that has a defined, fixed composition. What are the three types of matter? - correct answer Elements, Molecules, and Compounds Elements - correct answer The simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties. Elements consist of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by physical or chemical means. Molecules - correct answer A structure that consists of two (diatomic) or more atoms that are chemically bound together and thus behaves as an independent unit. Compounds - correct answer Consists of two or more different elements that are chemically bound.

Two defining features of compounds: - correct answer 1.) Elements are present in fixed parts by mass (fixed mass ratio) [Substance]. 2.) A compounds properties are different from the properties of it's elements. **Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances Mixtures - correct answer Consists of two or more substances (Elements and/ or compounds) that are physically intermingled and not chemically combined. Three features of mixtures: - correct answer 1.) Not a substance --> To be a substance you must have a fixed mass ratio 2.) Components retain their individual properties 3.) Can be separated into components by physical change What are the three mass laws? - correct answer 1.) The law of mass conservation 2.) The law of definite (or constant) composition 3.) The law of multiple proportions The Law of Mass Conservation: - correct answer The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction. Mass of reactants = Mass of products ** The change of mass is so small that we cannot measure it and is caused to energy from the chemical change. The Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition: - correct answer No matter the source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass. The Law of Multiple Proportions: - correct answer If elements A&B react to form two compounds, the different masses B that combines with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers. Dalton's Atomic Theory (Four Postulates): - correct answer 1.) All mater consists of atoms; tiny indivisible particles of an element that cannot be created or destroyed.

What is the atomic theory of today? - correct answer The atom is an electrically neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. (The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons) Where does a majority of the mass of an atom come from? - correct answer The nucleus. Which has less mass: protons, neutrons, or electrons? - correct answer Electrons. Protons are second and neutrons have the most mass. Mass number = - correct answer Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons Atomic number = - correct answer Number of protons What are isotopes? - correct answer Atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. **Have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. Atomic Mass Unit - correct answer Is the weighted average of all the isotopes of the element that occur in nature. Is equal to the isotopic mass x the fractional abundance of the element. Add them all together to get the weighted mass of the element. Periods - correct answer The horizontal rows on the periodic table Groups - correct answer The vertical columns on the periodic table Main-group elements - correct answer Eight A groups (two on the left and six on the right) Transition elements - correct answer Ten B groups, located between Groups 2A (2) and 3A (13)

Inner transition elements (lanthanides and actinides) - correct answer Between the elements in Group 3B(3) and Group 4B(4) and are placed below the main body of the table. Metals - correct answer Generally shiny solids at room temperature (besides mercury, the only liquid). Conduct heat and electricity well. Can be tooled into sheets (are malleable) and wires (are ductile). Nonmetals - correct answer Generally gases or dull, brittle solids at room temperature (bromine is the only liquid). Conduct heat and electricity poorly. Metalloids (semimetals) - correct answer Lie along the staircase line, have properties between those of metals and nonmetals. Two major points to keep in mind about the periodic table: - correct answer 1.) In general, elements in a group have similar chemical properties and elements in a period have different chemical properties. 2.) Despite this classification of three types of elements, in reality, there is a gradation in properties from left to right and top to bottom. What is Group 1A (1) called? - correct answer Alkali Metals What is Group 2A (2) called? - correct answer Alkaline Earth Metals What is Group 7A (17) called? - correct answer Halogens What is Group 8A (18) called? - correct answer Noble Gases How are Groups 3A(13)-6A(16) named? - correct answer Named by the first element in the group. Ex: 6A(16) is known as the oxygen family. Ionic compounds - correct answer Electrons transfer from one element to another.