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URS 1006 midterm study notes
Urbanization - correct answer workforce is divorced from the soil; trade manufacturing and service provision dominate the economies of urban places.the second phase is social, psychological, and behavioral. as population becomes more urban family becomes smaller. urbanism - correct answer the end result of urbanization refers to all aspects-political, economic, and social-of the urban way of life urban place - correct answer When a place no longer is strictly tied to agriculture., according to the u.s. census a community having at least 2,500 inhabitants, the majority of whom do not farm city - correct answer people living in a large densely populated municipality mega city - correct answer A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people. urban area - correct answer the built up area where buildings,roads,and essentially urban land uses predominate,even beyond the political boundaries of cities and towns. A city and its suburbs basically metropolis - correct answer (n) a large city; the chief city of an area MSA - correct answer Metropolitan statistical area. 85% of people live in these.These are cities with at least 50,000 people and all the counties around the city depend upon it.
Combined statistical Area - correct answer In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns. Site and Situation - correct answer concepts used by urban geographers to answer related questions. Site = the physical characteristics of the place where the city originated (geographical). Situation refers to the relative location of the city and the connectedness with other places and the surrounding region. City's growth and decline is more dependent on situation than site multiplier effect - correct answer Expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another economic activity. Pre-Industrial City - correct answer until 1840, small, walking city, located near water, cottage industry manufacturing services, mixed land use, no segregation., characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited mobility. Factors that restrict urbanization=
- reliance on animal power -lack of surplus of food -difficulty transporting and storing food -hardships in migration to the city Industrial City - correct answer city that grew during the Industrial Revolution, main function was to make and distribute manufactured products., Elements of the factories, railroads, slums., (diagram in nb) - elites put factories in the center of cities and no longer want to near factories, they leave the center and move to the suburbs. new immigrants moving to the center of the cities Post-industrial City - correct answer a city in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy., A city in which the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector., Post-industrial cities are also characterized by large areas of office blocks and buildings for local government administration
The Origin of Cities - correct answer ... why do we need to plan for world cities? - correct answer world population has exploded, Mass urbanization 19th century to present,more people on less land, immigration and globalization,health, housing,environment,energy services food. A world without cities? - correct answer spatial uniformity of all resources, constant return scale, produce only what we need, lot of land available why cities are growing? - correct answer Positive rate of natural Increase, Rural-Urban Migration-People from country side move into city, Governmental reasons,Marketing, Natural resources differes across nations and regions., High standard of living, healthcare, education. Agglomeration Economies - correct answer The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities (industry in the north) Agglomeration Diseconomies - correct answer -the negative economic effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry. (higher prices that must be paid by firms competing for land and labor, the costs of delays resulting form traffic congestion and crowded port and railroad facilities) Urbanization Economies - correct answer maybe someone can fill this in Localization Economies - correct answer maybe someone can feel this in Agriculture: a step to settled cities - correct answer maybe someone can fill this in
Urbanization Past Trends - correct answer Multiplier effect: some sectors grew, some declined. An increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. Mercantilism( Gov Protection) -Increase economic potential -control trade subsidies -Armed force to defend commercial interests Industrial and Post-Industrial Urbanization(18th century present) Change: Poverty level, Unemployment Early Urbanization - correct answer (Antiquity to 5th century A.D.) cities along rivers -Tigris Euphrates Rivers
- Nile Valley
- Indus Valley
- Yellow River Valley Small in size: Ur: 200, Rome: 1 million (2. century) surplus: beginning of commerce New Social order linked to agriculture The middle Period - correct answer (5th-7th Century A.D.) -the western roman empires fall -end of urbanization in Western Europe -decrease in spatial interaction
- isolated, self sufficient places
- no trade no increase
-- one group specializes in research and development activities related to a specific industry X Ex: XX motor vehicles in Detroit XX steel in Pittsburgh XX office equipment in Rochester, NY XX semiconductors in San Jose, CA -- another group specializes in gov. and edu., notably state capitols with major universities X Ex: XX Albany XX Lansang XX Madison XX Raleigh-Durham Central Place Theory - correct answer A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. Sectors of the Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary - correct answer Primary sector is natural resource extraction. Secondary sector is manufacturing and industrial work. Tertiary is services that are provided. Quaternary is information processing. Basic and non basic economic activities - correct answer basic: necessary for urban growth,manufacturing,trade etc. non-basic-grocery stores, restaurants etc. Internal Spatial Structure of Cities - correct answer The Urban Land use Pattern
The Concentric Zone Model - correct answer model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree. 1- central business district 2- zone of transition 3- zone of workers homes 4- zone of better residencies 5- commuter zone Problems: 1. Doesn't work well with cities outside the US
- assumes unchanging landscape The Sector Model - correct answer A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)., theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings. The Multiple Nuclei Model - correct answer model created by CD Harris and EL Ullman in , which explains that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Basically growing from more than one nuclei as focal points. Inverse Concentric Model - correct answer predicts neighborhoods close to the city center are most likely to be higher income neighborhoods. Filtering Model - correct answer houses move down, households move up, at each moment of time some housing is allowed to deteriorate in quality and other housing is maintained in a steady-state interval of qualities. Basically the changing in housing Urban Challenges - correct answer ... Managing population size and growth - correct answer
- Cause of the problem
3.Modernization in the form of westernization 4.world without borders: easy flow of people, money, products, cultures Managing Privacy - correct answer Ex: Communication Technology Managing the Environment - correct answer Ex: Pollution, Climate Change, MDCs vs LDcs Managing Traffic - correct answer Ex: Managing Automobile Managing Urban Governance - correct answer Ex: Balance between revenues and expenditures, Prioritize Chapter 2 - correct answer ... Third Urban Revolution - correct answer Key social phenomenon of the 21st century
- improved the way that the cities are managed Us and Canadian cities embody this phenomenon Urban Pattern - correct answer 1.Relatively newer cities 2.Varies in size, form, fortune 3.Product of Industrialization The Evolution Of Urban Development - correct answer The evolution of urban Development -Legislation -Migration -Infrastructure
Trade and Commerce Colonial Mercantilism - correct answer -Keep European states wealthy -Product of economic forces -cities as export centers -Mostly along Atlantic coast and rivers -Walking cities -Size of city was limited Industrial Capitalism - correct answer type of capitalism occurring during the Industrial Revolution when capitalists were involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves , often using mechanized and industrialized methods of production. Ex: Coal mine, Iron, Steam Engine. During this time: -emergence of national corporations, Public hosing improved for poor, the great depression, end of WW2, suburbs and transportation PostIndustrial Capitalism - correct answer capitalism based on a service-economy. Decline in manufacturing declining cities Some cities grew Manufacturing jobs replaced with: retail, finance, insurance, information, communication technology, medical service sunbelt growth -more diverse economy, not relied on manufacturing -expansion on surface sectors 1980's-the emergence of nature in Cities - correct answer Environment: Tree Planting, Planning for open space Transportation: Bike paths, carpooling, car use restrictions
The Changing Character of the US and Canadian Cities - correct answer
- Globalization and Urban Hierarchy
- International investment
- International Spectacles
- greening city Globalization and Urban Hierarchy - correct answer Globalization: The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world. Urban Hierarchy:, A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions. International Investment - correct answer trading of goods, services or funding that crosses international borders. Also passive ownership of foreign securities such as stocks and bonds for the purpose of generating financial return. International Spectacles - correct answer Hosting international events: Such as New York hosting fashion week so that designers all over the world can be recognize. or The Olympics for example Competitors from all over the world gather in one country, mainly not their own. Greening the City - correct answer Architectures want to go more green with building design to conserve the environment more. Preserves more natural resources of the earth but can be costly to green sometimes. Distinctive Cities - correct answer ... New York City - correct answer The largest metropolitan area in the United States. Its a Mega city, largest city in U.S. Dominates manufacturing based industries. Have thriving sectors in music, fashion, building design, and advertising. Has always been known for its lack of sanitation and high crime. Immigration has been central to the identity of newyork.
Los Angeles - correct answer Dominates Manufacturing based industries just like New York., The largest metropolitan city in the West and the second-largest in the country. Motion picture capital of the world; most populous city of California. a global leader in aerospace, film, and television. Detroit - correct answer the largest city in Michigan and a major Great Lakes port. center of the United States automobile industry; located in southeastern Michigan on the Detroit river across from Windsor. one of the poorest cities in america is a shrinking city Cleveland - correct answer the largest city in Ohio, a struggling city just like Detroit, struggle with legacy of deindustrialization to reinvent themselves in the more competitive global economy. One of the most successful projects has been the rock and roll hall of fame and musuem. Halifax - correct answer provincial capital and largest city of Nova Scotia. Influence of sea has always been central to halifax's development. as fashioned itself as a center for whoolesale distribution, transport and shipping, government, education, and oceanographic research. mainatined heritage and historic preservation. Ottawa - correct answer the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec). more of a tool for political compromise than a hometown. was designated the capital by british queen victoria in 1857. Washington Dc - correct answer the capital of the United States. Has become a magnet for a range of many immigrants from many diverse countries. New Orleans - correct answer a port and largest city in Louisiana.located in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi river; a major center for offshore drilling for oil in the Gulf of Mexico; jazz originated here among black musicians in the late 19th century; Mardigras Hurricane Katrina Around 2005 and its effects devastated the city in such a huge way
The Caribbean - correct answer Low land coastal location, trading town as transfer poitn for cash crop and incoming merchandise, approximately equal wealth distribution Distinctive Cities - correct answer ... Mexico City - correct answer highly polluted, the only mega city in central America, the primate city of the country. a crowded(dense), noisy, polluted, and congested with traffic city. San Jose - correct answer ... Havana - correct answer ... Urban Challnges - correct answer ... Chapter 4 - correct answer ... Three Cultural-ecological regions - correct answer ... Andean America - correct answer ... The Southern Cone - correct answer ... Portuguese America - correct answer ... Critical Issues - correct answer ... Urban Primacy - correct answer ... Economic Polarization - correct answer ...
Spatial Segregation - correct answer ... Declining Infrastructure - correct answer ... Environmental Degradation - correct answer ... Social Movements - correct answer ... Historical Perspective - correct answer ... Pre-Columbian Urbanism - correct answer ... Colonial Cities - correct answer ... Neo-colonial Urbanization - correct answer relying on cultural product the early stages for planning and cities.........not finish look at the slides Twentieth Century - correct answer ... Distinctive Cities of South America - correct answer ... Rio de Janeiro - correct answer ... Sao Paulo - correct answer ... Brasilia - correct answer ... Lima - correct answer ...
