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- Chicago Referencing Style Guide CHICAGO REFERENCING STYLE GUIDE
- Referencing
- Academic honesty and plagiarism
- About the Chicago style
- paper Referencing sources within the text of the
- Footnotes
- Bibliography
- Electronic items
- Referencing secondary sources
- Books and book chapters
- Single author
- Two or three authors
- Four or more authors
- encyclopedia) No author (incl. dictionary or
- Edited book
- Chapter or article in book
- Chapter or article in an edited book
- E-book
- conference papers Journal articles, newspaper articles and
- Journal article (print version)
- database) Journal article (full-text from electronic
- into English Non-English journal article translated
- Newspaper article
- database) Newspaper article (from electronic
- Article (from the internet) - symposiums, conference papers Proceedings of meetings and - Other materials - communication Interview unpublished/ personal - Online lecture / lecture notes - Music score - Article/chapter from unit reader - Video (from the internet) - Audio (from the internet) - Thesis - (archived manuscripts or letters) Unpublished works or documents - Web page /document on the internet
REFERENCING
Referencing acknowledges the sources that you use to write your essay or assignment paper. Please see the section of this guide regarding intellectual honesty and plagiarism.
Citations are used throughout your writing to acknowledge the sources of your information. The full details of the citations are listed at the end of your assignment paper in a Bibliography.
It is important to first consult your unit outline, lecturer or tutor for the preferred citation style for each unit you undertake.
ACADEMIC HONESTY AND PLAGIARISM
At Western Sydney University plagiarism falls within the framework of the Student Misconduct Rule and its associated guidelines.
Further information about the importance of academic honesty is available on the Library website.
ABOUT THE CHICAGO STYLE
The Chicago citation style is used widely for academic writing in the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. There are two formats of referencing within the Chicago style. One is notes- bibliography and the other author-date. This guide shows examples for the notes-bibliography format only, which uses a numerical system of footnotes or endnotes with a Bibliography. The author-date format is similar to the Harvard style and is detailed in the official Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS).
Examples of the most common types of citations used by students are included in this guide. It is based on the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition, which is available online via the Library catalogue. If you are unable to find the referencing example, you require in this guide , more examples can be found on the website at Notes and Bibilography: Sample Citations. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html
For further support, please contact the Library:
o Phone 02 9852 5353
o Email https://library.westernsydney.edu.au/main/help/contact-us
o Online Librarian https://library.westernsydney.edu.au/main/guides/referencing-citation/i%3aCite
o I:Cite http://library.westernsydney.edu.au/main/guides/referencing-citation/i%3aCite
Mullan stated,
James is making an argument about a singular novel, but that last phrase is evidence enough of his disdain for the form in general. He expresses this elsewhere in his criticism and correspondence, notably in an extraordinary letter to H. G. Wells. In 1911 Wells had sent James a copy of his latest novel, The New Machiavelli (1911), which is narrated in the first person.^4
FOOTNOTES
As the full details of a source are given in the Bibliography, citations in footnotes can be given in shortened form. The shortened form consists of the author’s surname, title (shortened if more than four words) and page, if available. The page reference in a footnote should sit directly after the citation. The box below represents the footnote section of a page. See how the citation for Sylwester is repeated below; cited in footnotes 10, 12, 14 and 15. The abbreviation Ibid. is used when a reference has been cited in the footnote immediately preceding as in footnote 15.
- Sylwester, Adolescent Brain , 62.
- Mullan, How Novels Work , 41.
- Sylwester, Adolescent Brain , 75.
- Anderson and Poole, Assignment and Thesis Writing , 65.
- Sylwester, Adolescent Brain , 29.
- Ibid., 116.
To cite two or more references together place them in a footnote using only one number to represent them in text. Separate the references in the footnote using a semi-colon and place them in the order in which they appear in the text. Indent the first line of each footnote 1.27cm or 5 spaces from the left margin.
Mullan provides examples of different genres while Anderson and Poole focus on academic writing.^11
- Mullan, How Novels Work , 41; Anderson and Poole, Assignment and Thesis Writing , 65
Please note, this guide contains footnote examples for short citations only. If you are instructed by your academic to provide a full reference in the footnote, the first time a work is cited please refer to the examples in the I:Cite tool http//library.westernsydney.edu.au/main/guides/referencing- citation/i%3aCite
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Bibliography is a list of the full details of all the sources you cited in your paper. In the Chicago style the bibliography starts on a separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled Bibliography. The Bibliography contains details of the sources used in writing your paper and can include works not cited in your paper that you consulted in your research.
All sources appearing in the Bibliography must be ordered alphabetically by surname of the first author or title if no author is identified.
Works by the same author/s are listed alphabetically by title. Bibliographies with only one author are ordered chronologically.
The name of the first author is inverted (i.e. Margot Broadman to Broadman, Margot ); subsequent author’s names are given in the form in which they appear in the original source publication.
The bibliography should be double spaced and hanging indents used for each entry. A hanging indent is where the first line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented about 5 spaces or 1.27cm. There are no line spaces between references.
Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos. However, article and chapter titles are not italicised; these are put in double quotation marks. Capitalisation within the Chicago style requires all major words to be first letter upper case.
More detailed information on bibliographies can be found in CMOS section 14.21–
ELECTRONIC ITEMS
Electronic sources should be referenced in the same format as that for a “fixed-media source”, such as a book, with the DOI (digital object identifier) included at the end as a URL, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1080/10.1201/b15592. If a DOI is not available, provide the direct URL if the item is freely accessible or the name of the database if access is restricted, e.g. subscribed library database. A stable URL may also be used for restricted access. Many databases have options to create stable URLs – look for terms like ‘Permalink’, ‘Bookmark URL’, ‘Embed/Link’.
Access dates are required for sources viewed online when a published date is not provided. Chicago style also allows access dates if instructed by your academic in cases where websites are subject to change. An access date is placed before the URL in a reference e.g.
Atkin, M. “Bermagui Forest Disputed Turf.” The Hack Half Hour. November 13, 2008. Podcast, 13:10. Accessed April 2, 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/.
REFERENCING SECONDARY SOURCES
The Chicago style discourages the use of secondary sources and advises that authors should always consult the primary source of information, except where the primary source is unavailable. Although not preferable, you may sometimes need to quote or paraphrase a source (A) that is referred to within another source (B). Details of the original source and the secondary source should be cited in your paper.
For example, the book you are using is written by Smith who quotes another author called Jones. In your essay, you wish to use Jones’ idea. In the footnote you should acknowledge Jones and Smith, e.g.
Jones agreed that the experiment “failed to confirm this hypothesis”.^1 or The experiment “failed to confirm this hypothesis”.^1
Provide all known details of the primary source (as given by the secondary source) and details of the secondary source in the footnote. Names are not inverted in footnotes. e.g.
- Chris Jones, Hypotheses, 2008, quoted in Jack Smith, Analysing Hypotheses (Penrith: Western Sydney University, 2009), 29.
Provide the details of the primary and secondary source in the bibliography e.g.
Jones, Chris. Hypotheses. 2008. Quoted in Jack Smith. Analysing Hypotheses. Penrith: Western Sydney University, 2009, 29.
BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS
SINGLE AUTHOR
Bibliography Sylwester, Robert. The Adolescent Brain: Reaching for Autonomy. Heatherton, Victoria: Hawker Brownlow Education, 2008.
Footnote 1. Sylwester, Adolescent Brain , 89.
TWO OR THREE AUTHORS
Bibliography Anderson, Jonathan, and Millicent E. Poole. Assignment and Thesis Writing. 4th ed. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Footnote 2. Anderson and Poole, Assignment and Thesis Writing , 65.
FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS
Bibliography Hansen, Anders, Simon Cottle, Ralph Negrine, and Chris Newbold. Mass Communication Research Methods. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.
Note: Invert only the first author’s name e.g. surname, first name.
Footnote 3. Anders et al., Mass Communication Research Methods , 104. Note: In the footnote , if an item has more than three authors you may abbreviate the remaining authors as ‘et al.’ ("and others").
NO AUTHOR (INCL. DICTIONARY OR ENCYCLOPEDIA)
Bibliography (^) Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster, 1993.
Footnote 4. Merriam-Webster’s , 11.
EDITED BOOK
Bibliography Craven, Ian, ed.^ Australian Cinema in the 1990s. London: Frank Cass, 2001.
Footnote 5. Craven, Australian Cinema , 25.
JOURNAL ARTICLES, NEWSPAPER ARTICLES AND CONFERENCE
PAPERS
The format for more than one author is the same for all sources including journal articles, therefore, refer to the examples for books in this guide.
JOURNAL ARTICLE (PRINT VERSION)
Bibliography Younger, Paula. “Using the Internet to Conduct a Literature Search.” Nursing Standard 19, no. 6 (2004): 45-51.
Chicago style only includes the issue number (e.g. no. 6) for special/theme issues, or where the pagination does not continue throughout the volume, i.e. starts from 1 in each issue. Month or issue date is preferred over issue number. Footnote 9. Younger, “Using the Internet,” 45-47.
JOURNAL ARTICLE (FULL-TEXT FROM ELECTRONIC DATABASE)
Bibliography Jackson, Debra, Angela Firtko, and Michael Edenborough. “Personal Resilience as a Strategy for Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Workplace Adversity: A Literature Review.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 60, no. 1 (2007): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x.
If a DOI is available add the URL prefix https://doi.org , no further location elements are required. If no DOI is available, provide the name of the database or a stable URL. Footnote 10. Jackson, Firkto and Edenborough, “Personal Resilience,” 3.
NON-ENGLISH JOURNAL ARTICLE TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
Bibliography Von Der Luhe, I. “I Without Guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann's Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics.” Translated by MT Kraus. New German Critique 8, no. 27 (1982): 31-56.
Footnote 11. Von Der Luhe, “I Without Guarantees,” 36.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Bibliography Note: In the Chicago style, newspaper articles are more commonly cited in notes than in a Bibliography. Include all details in the footnote. Chicago does not recommend using page numbers for newspaper articles but a section number or edition could be included. For an article available on the internet, include the URL. If the online content is subject to change such as breaking news provide a time stamp and if instructed by your lecturer, an access date. e.g. …3:55 pm. EST, accessed July 27, 2014, http://smh.com... Footnote 12. H. Berkovic, “Handouts May Not be Sent: Tax Office Seeks Quick Resolution of High Court Challenge,” Australian , March 31, 2009.
- Jason Samenow, “Storm Warning: High Winds,” Washington Post , January 21, 2016, 3:55 p.m. EST, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news
/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/01/21/.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (FROM ELECTRONIC DATABASE)
Bibliography Note: Newspaper articles are more commonly cited in notes than in the Bibliography. Include all details in the footnote. If a stable URL is not available use the name of the database instead. (for more examples see CMOS section 14.191 – 14.200) Footnote 13. WC. Wentworth, “Why We Need a Permanent Base on the Moon,” Sydney Morning Herald , January 24, 1984, Sydney Morning Herald Archives.
ARTICLE (FROM THE INTERNET)
Bibliography Cooper, D. “Native Ant May Stop Toad in its Tracks .” ABC Science , March 31, 2009, http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles
/2009/03/31/2530686.htm?site=science&topic=latest.
Footnote 14. Cooper, “Native Ant”.
ONLINE LECTURE / LECTURE NOTES
Bibliography Avoid citing lectures where possible. It is better to go directly to the source. Ask your lecturer for a bibliography of their lecture or check your unit’s Readings and Resources list. Lectures are only cited in footnotes; they are not listed in Bibliographies unless advised by your tutor or lecturer.
Footnote (^) Face to face lecture:
- Stan Dyer, “Introduction” (lecture, 101033 Modernism, Western Sydney University, Penrith. January 10, 2014).
Recorded lecture:
- Stan Dyer, “History of Modernism,” lecture, 101033 Modernism, Western Sydney University, May 26, 2014, webinar, MPEG copy, 0:40:37, https://vuws.westernsydney.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/execute/handlle=
lecture=vie
If the file can be downloaded provide the file name and length of recording. For lecture notes provide the file type e.g. PDF or PowerPoint after the title.
MUSIC SCORE
Bibliography Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. Ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
Footnote 27. Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies.
ARTICLE/CHAPTER FROM UNIT READER
Bibliography Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “The Reveries of the Solitary Walker.” In Text and History 100598 Unit Reader. Compiled by Annette Smith 33-46. Penrith: University Western Sydney, 2014. Originally published in Walter Kelly trans. and John Flinders ed., The Collected Writings of Rousseau, (London: George Pell & Sons, 1938).
If the work has come from the public domain e.g. public website, use the words … reprinted from Walter Kelly , … If original publication details are not provided then treat as a chapter in an edited book or consult your lecturer.
Footnote 31. Rousseau, “Reveries of the Solitary Walker”, 35.
VIDEO (FROM THE INTERNET)
Bibliography SouthLanarkshireTV. “In Focus: Forest Kindergarten.” YouTube video, 5:42. August 13, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =g8WWrRzf7ZU&list=TLEXvO6QPFaLk.
Cite non-conventional formats of author names and words e.g. YouTube as they appear in the source. 5:42 indicates the length of the video. Footnote 35. SouthLanarkshireTV, “In Focus: Forest Kindergarten.”
AUDIO (FROM THE INTERNET)
Bibliography “Allegro Molto Appassionato,” Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64. Performed by Franziska Früh (violin) with the Fulda Symphony Orchestra, Grosser Saal der Orangerie Fulda, March 18, 2001, 13 min., 27 sec. https:// commons .wikimedia.org /wiki/File: Felix_Mendelssohn__Violinkonzert_e-moll _1._Allegro_molto_appassionato.ogg. If the audio visual item is a downloadable file, include the format after the date before the URL or access date if one is used e.g. ... November 4, 2006. MPEG, http://www ... The reference can be formatted under the title of the recording or the composer/performer depending on which is most important to the discussion. For a database provide a stable URL or the name of the database e.g. Music Online. Footnote 36. “Allegro Molto Appassionato.”
WEB PAGE /DOCUMENT ON THE INTERNET
Bibliography Document on the internet: Este, J., C. Warren, L. Connor, M. Brown, R. Pollard and T. O’Connor. Life in the Clickstream: The Future of Journalism. Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, 2008. http://www.alliance.org.au/documents/foj_report _final.pdf. Document on the internet, no author, no date: Developing an argument. Princeton Writing Centre. Accessed May 12, 2014. http://web.princeton.edu/sites/writing/Writing_Center /WCWritingResources.htm. Web page on the internet, no author no date: “Swim with Whales: An Unforgettable Wildlife Encounter.” WDCS International. Accessed November 18, 2014. http://whales.org/encounters/big_whales. When there is no publication or modified date use the access date. They may also be used if instructed by your academic in cases where websites are subject to change.
For further information and examples on webpages and websites see CMOS section 14.206 and 14.207.
Footnote 37. Este et al., Life in the Clickstream.
- Developing an Argument. 39. “Swim with whales.”
For further assistance with referencing please contact the Library on 9852 5353.
