Citation and Referencing, Lecture notes of Research Methodology

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References and Citation

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

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References List

• (^) Single Author Last name first, followed by author initials. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11 , 7-10.
• (^) Two Authors List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and." Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66 , 1034-1048.

• (^) Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..." Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17 , 408-416. Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52 , 636-643.

Reference List: Articles in

Periodicals

• (^) Basic Form APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence- case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.

• (^) Article in a Magazine Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135 , 28-31.
• (^) Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4. Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today , pp. 1A, 2A.

• Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

APA style requires authors to use

the past tense or present perfect

tense when using signal phrases to

describe earlier research, for

example, Jones (1998) found or

Jones (1998) has found...

More examples….

• (^) Jones's (1998) study found the that

students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first

time citing sources. This difficulty could

be attributed to the fact that many

students failed to purchase a style

manual or to ask their teacher for help.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998). Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... Harris et al. (2001) argued...