Computer Organization and Architecture: Shift Operations and Interrupts, Lecture notes of Computer Science

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1

V.Siva Krishna

2 Chap. 1: Digital Logic Circuits

• Logic Gates, • Boolean Algebra
• Map Simplification, • Combinational Circuits
• Filp-Flops, • Sequential Circuits Chap. 2: Digital Components
• Integrated Circuits, • Decoders, • Multiplexers
• Registers, • Shift Registers, • Binary Counters
• Memory Unit Chap. 3: Data Representation
• Data Types, • Complements
• Fixed Point Representation
• Floating Point Representation
• Other Binary Codes, • Error Detection Codes

4 Chap. 6: Programming the Basic Computer

• Machine Language, • Assembly Language
• Assembler, • Program Loops
• Programming Arithmetic and Logic Operations
• Subroutines, • Input-Output Programming Chap. 7: Microprogrammed Control
• Control Memory, • Sequencing Microinstructions
• Microprogram Example, • Design of Control Unit
• Microinstruction Format Chap. 8: Central Processing Unit
• General Register Organization
• Stack Organization, • Instruction Formats
• Addressing Modes
• Data Transfer and Manipulation
• Program Control
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer

5 Chap. 9: Pipeline and Vector Processing

• Parallel Processing, • Pipelining
• Arithmetic Pipeline, • Instruction Pipeline
• RISC Pipeline, • Vector Processing Chap. 10: Computer Arithmetic
• Arithmetic with Signed-2's Complement Numbers
• Multiplication and Division Algorithms
• Floating-Point Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Arithmetic Unit
• Decimal Arithmetic Operations Chap. 11: Input-Output Organization
• Peripheral Devices, • Input-Output Interface
• Asynchronous Data Transfer, • Modes of Transfer
• Priority Interrupt, • Direct Memory Access

7 SIMPLE DIGITAL SYSTEMS

• (^) Combinational and sequential circuits (learned in Chapters 1 and 2) can be used to create simple digital systems.
• (^) These are the low-level building blocks of a digital computer.
• Simple digital systems are frequently characterized in terms of
  • (^) the registers they contain, and
  • (^) the operations that they perform.
• (^) Typically,
  • (^) What operations are performed on the data in the registers
  • (^) What information is passed between registers Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

8 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICROOPERATIONS

• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

10 MICROOPERATION (2) An elementary operation performed (during one clock pulse), on the information stored in one or more registers R  f(R, R) f: shift, load, clear, increment, add, subtract, complement, and, or, xor, … ALU (f) Registers (R) 1 clock cycle Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations Register Transfer Language

11 ORGANIZATION OF A DIGITAL SYSTEM

• Set of registers and their functions
• Microoperations set Set of allowable microoperations provided by the organization of the computer
• Control signals that initiate the sequence of microoperations (to perform the functions)
• (^) Definition of the (internal) organization of a computer Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations Register Transfer Language

13 REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE Register Transfer Language

• (^) Rather than specifying a digital system in words, a specific notation is used, register transfer language
• (^) For any function of the computer, the register transfer language can be used to describe the (sequence of) microoperations
• (^) Register transfer language
  • A symbolic language
  • A convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers
  • (^) Can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems. Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

14 DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS Register Transfer Language

• (^) Registers are designated by capital letters, sometimes followed by numbers (e.g., A, R13, IR)
• (^) Often the names indicate function:
  • MAR - memory address register
  • PC - program counter
  • (^) IR - instruction register
• (^) Registers and their contents can be viewed and represented in various ways - A register can be viewed as a single entity: - (^) Registers may also be represented showing the bits of data they contain MAR Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

16 REGISTER TRANSFER Register Transfer

• Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer
• (^) A register transfer is indicated as R2  R
  • (^) In this case the contents of register R2 are copied (loaded) into register R
  • (^) A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the destination register R2, during one clock pulse
  • Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are not altered by copying (loading) them to R Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

17 REGISTER TRANSFER Register Transfer

• A register transfer such as R3  R Implies that the digital system has
  • (^) the data lines from the source register (R5) to the destination register (R3)
  • (^) Parallel load in the destination register (R3)
  • (^) Control lines to perform the action Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

19 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROLLED TRANSFERS Implementation of controlled transfer P: R2 R Block diagram Timing diagram Clock Register Transfer Transfer occurs here R R Control Circuit P^ Load n Clock Load t (^) t+

• The same clock controls the circuits that generate the control function and the destination register
• (^) Registers are assumed to use positive-operationsedge-operationstriggered flip-flops Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations

20 SIMULTANEOUS OPERATIONS Register Transfer

• (^) If two or more operations are to occur simultaneously, they are separated with commas P: R3  R5, MAR  IR
• Here, if the control function P = 1, load the contents of R5 into R3, and at the same time (clock), load the contents of register IR into register MAR Register Transfer &  -operationsoperations