Computer architecture Documents, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Computer Architecture

Dr Roninn Maxx Semester: 7

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Dr.Chao Tan,

Carnegie Mellon University

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Chap. 4: Register Transfer and Microoperations

**- Register Transfer Language, • Register Transfer

• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations, • Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit**

Chap. 5: Basic Computer Organization and Design

**- Instruction Codes, • Computer Registers

• Computer Instructions, • Timing and Control
• Instruction Cycle,
• Memory Reference Instructions
• Input** - Output and Interrupt **- Complete Computer Description
• Design of Basic Computer
• Design of Accumulator Logic**

5 Chap. 6: Programming the Basic Computer

**- Machine Language, • Assembly Language

• Assembler, • Program Loops
• Programming Arithmetic and Logic Operations
• Subroutines, • Input** - Output Programming Chap. 7: Microprogrammed Control **- Control Memory, • Sequencing Microinstructions
• Microprogram Example, • Design of Control Unit
• Microinstruction Format** Chap. 8: Central Processing Unit **- General Register Organization
• Stack Organization, • Instruction Formats
• Addressing Modes
• Data Transfer and Manipulation
• Program Control
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer**

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Chap. 12: Memory Organization

**- Memory Hierarchy, • Main Memory

• Auxiliary Memory. • Associative Memory
• Cache Memory, • Virtual Memory**

Chap. 13: Multiprocessors ()

**- Characteristics of Multiprocessors

• Interconnection Structures
• Interprocessor Arbitration
• Interprocessor Communication/Synchronization
• Cache Coherence**

8 SIMPLE DIGITAL SYSTEMS

• Combinational and sequential circuits (learned in Chapters 1 and 2) can be used to create simple digital systems.
• These are the low-level building blocks of a digital computer.
• Simple digital systems are frequently characterized in terms of
  • the registers they contain, and
  • the operations that they perform.
• Typically,
  • What operations are performed on the data in the registers
  • What information is passed between registers Register Transfer &  - operations

10 MICROOPERATIONS (1) Register Transfer Language

• The operations on the data in registers are called microoperations.
• The functions built into registers are examples of microoperations - Shift - Load - Clear - Increment - … Register Transfer &  - operations

11 MICROOPERATION (2) An elementary operation performed (during one clock pulse), on the information stored in one or more registers R  f(R, R) f: shift, load, clear, increment, add, subtract, complement, and, or, xor, … ALU (f) Registers (R) 1 clock cycle Register Transfer &  - operations Register Transfer Language

13 REGISTER TRANSFER LEVEL Register Transfer Language

• Viewing a computer, or any digital system, in this way is called the register transfer level
• This is because we’re focusing on
  • The system’s registers
  • The data transformations in them, and
  • The data transfers between them. Register Transfer &  - operations

14 REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE Register Transfer Language

• Rather than specifying a digital system in words, a specific notation is used, register transfer language
• For any function of the computer, the register transfer language can be used to describe the (sequence of) microoperations
• Register transfer language
  • A symbolic language
  • A convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers
  • Can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems. Register Transfer &  - operations

16 DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS Register Transfer Language R Register Numbering of bits Showing individual bits Subfields PC(H) PC(L) 15 8 7 0

• a register
• portion of a register
• a bit of a register
• Common ways of drawing the block diagram of a register 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 15 0
• Designation of a register Register Transfer &  - operations

17 REGISTER TRANSFER Register Transfer

• Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer
• A register transfer is indicated as R2  R
  • In this case the contents of register R1 are copied (loaded) into register R
  • A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the destination register R2, during one clock pulse
  • Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are not altered by copying (loading) them to R Register Transfer &  - operations

19 CONTROL FUNCTIONS Register Transfer

• Often actions need to only occur if a certain condition is true
• This is similar to an “if” statement in a programming language
• In digital systems, this is often done via a control signal , called a control function - If the signal is 1, the action takes place
• This is represented as: P: R2  R Which means “if P = 1, then load the contents of register R1 into register R2”, i.e., if (P = 1) then (R2  R1) Register Transfer &  - operations

20 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROLLED TRANSFERS Implementation of controlled transfer P: R2 R Block diagram Timing diagram Clock Register Transfer Transfer occurs here R R Control Circuit P^ Load n Clock Load t (^) t+

• The same clock controls the circuits that generate the control function and the destination register
• Registers are assumed to use edge-triggered flip-flops Register Transfer &  - operations