Computers, Education - Computerization and Its Impacts - Lecture Slides, Slides of Applications of Computer Sciences

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Computers, Education, and

Computers, Education, and

Equity

Equity

“Public” Applications of Computers “Public” Applications of Computers

Outside of work and home- Education, medicine, Outside of work and home- Education, medicine,

electronic funds transfer and e-commerce, voting, electronic funds transfer and e-commerce, voting,

etc. etc.

Raise the issue of “equity” or “fairness”- Does Raise the issue of “equity” or “fairness”- Does

everybody have EQUAL ACCESS to the benefits everybody have EQUAL ACCESS to the benefits

of computers in these applications? Are these of computers in these applications? Are these

uses “fair” to everyone? uses “fair” to everyone?

Varieties of Computer Assisted Instruction(CAI) Varieties of Computer Assisted Instruction Varieties of Computer Assisted Instruction

(CAI)

(CAI)

1. Drill and Practice (and testing- e.g., SATs
2. Drill and Practice (and testing- e.g., SATs

online) online)

2. Tutorials
3. Tutorials
4. "Dialogues”/Computer Assisted Learning
5. "Dialogues”/Computer Assisted Learning

(CAL)

(CAL)

4. Simulation and Games
5. Simulation and Games

ABOVE FOUR ARE USUALLY CONSIDERED

ABOVE FOUR ARE USUALLY CONSIDERED

VARIETIES OF CAI

VARIETIES OF CAI

Varieties of Computer Assisted Instruction Varieties of Computer Assisted Instruction

(CAI)

(CAI)

5. Hypertext and Hypermedia/ Digital Libraries
6. Hypertext and Hypermedia/ Digital Libraries
7. Virtual Classroom:
8. Virtual Classroom:

Computer Mediated Collaborative Learning Computer Mediated Collaborative Learning

CAL

CAL

LOGO- in most popular version, is “turtle LOGO- in most popular version, is “turtle

graphics” - children learn to “program” it graphics” - children learn to “program” it

Aim is to teach structured thinking and self- Aim is to teach structured thinking and self-

discovery discovery

Supposed Benefits Of CAISupposed Benefits Of CAI

Supposed Benefits Of CAI

! !

Active involvement Active involvement

! !

Immediate feedback to learner Immediate feedback to learner

(Pavlov, reinforcement) (Pavlov, reinforcement)

! !

Computer provides individualized help and Computer provides individualized help and

pacing pacing

Experiments Comparing CAI-complemented Experiments Comparing CAI-complemented

And Traditional Sections And Traditional Sections

! !

Reported in Molnar & Reported in Molnar & Deringer

Deringer, IEEE Spectrum,

, IEEE Spectrum,

June 1984 June 1984

1. Small but significant improvements in student
2. Small but significant improvements in student

scores scores

2. Substantial reductions (about 30%) in learning
3. Substantial reductions (about 30%) in learning

time time

3. Improved student attitudes toward the
4. Improved student attitudes toward the

computer and the courses computer and the courses

Some Disadvantages Or Potential

Some Disadvantages Or Potential

Problems Of CAI:

Problems Of CAI:

1. Cost: hardware, software, support
2. Cost: hardware, software, support
3. Technical difficulties:
4. Technical difficulties:

Incompatibilities Incompatibilities

Obsolescence (antiquated - too old) Obsolescence (antiquated - too old)

Lack of trained personnel Lack of trained personnel

3.Crowding and waiting 3.Crowding and waiting

Reading And Writing With Computers - 1

Reading And Writing With Computers - 1

! !

Article by Hansen & Haas in CACM, Sept 1988 Article by Hansen & Haas in CACM, Sept 1988

! !

Previous findings: Previous findings:

Reading takes 25% longer on screen Reading takes 25% longer on screen

Writing also takes longer Writing also takes longer

Speed is technology dependent: Speed is technology dependent:

! !

PC's (vs. work stations) have small screen size and poorPC's (vs. work stations) have small screen size and poor

fonts fonts

Reading And Writing With Computers - 2

Reading And Writing With Computers - 2

! !

Four Factors: Four Factors:

1. Page size- should display full page of text
2. Page size- should display full page of text
3. Legibility (resolution, flicker, font type &
4. Legibility (resolution, flicker, font type &

size) size)

3. Responsiveness (speed)
4. Responsiveness (speed)
5. Tangibility: (graphics; can you "mark" text?)
6. Tangibility: (graphics; can you "mark" text?)

LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:RESULTS

LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:

RESULTS

RESULTS

! !

No difference in words per minute No difference in words per minute

! !

In following table, all results shown were In following table, all results shown were

significant (p=<.05) significant (p=<.05)

! !

Quality of letters rated by judges on two Quality of letters rated by judges on two

dimensions: dimensions:

content (ideas and supporting info) and content (ideas and supporting info) and

"mechanics" (correct grammar, spelling etc.). "mechanics" (correct grammar, spelling etc.).

LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:RESULTS

LETTER WRITING EXPERIMENT:

RESULTS

RESULTS

TIME (MINS)

TIME (MINS)

WORDS

WORDS

PAPER

PAPER

PC

PC

WORKST.

WORKST.

Digital Libraries

Digital Libraries

Marchionini Marchionini & Maurer, CACM April 1995

& Maurer, CACM April 1995

A library is an organized set of resources, which A library is an organized set of resources, which

includes human services as well as the includes human services as well as the

spectrum of media (people who manage the spectrum of media (people who manage the

physical collection and collection policies, and physical collection and collection policies, and

interact with users to solve information interact with users to solve information

problems.) problems.)

Roles of Libraries in Learning

Roles of Libraries in Learning

1. Sharing expensive resources (books,
2. Sharing expensive resources (books,

periodicals, software, databases) periodicals, software, databases)

2. Cultural role in preserving and organizing
3. Cultural role in preserving and organizing

artifacts and ideas. artifacts and ideas.

3. Social and intellectual roles by bringing
4. Social and intellectual roles by bringing

together people and ideas together people and ideas

How does the digital library do these things any How does the digital library do these things any

better or worse?? better or worse??