Computing Components - Computerization and Its Impacts - Lecture Slides, Slides of Applications of Computer Sciences

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Computing Components

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Computer Components

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Sizes in Perspective

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History of Computers

 Abacus invented in Babylonia in 3000BC

 Adding machine by Blaise Pascal (1642)

 Difference engine and the analytical engine by Charles

Babbage (1842)

 IBM first electromechanical computer (using relays)

designed by Howard Aiken (1937) was based on punched cards.  used to calculate tables of mathematical functions

History of Computers

 3 rd^ Generation Computers (late 60s to early 80s) –

integrated circuits (IC).  IBM 360 series, DEC PDP-  IC – many transistors packed into single container  low prices, high packing density

 4 th^ Generation Computers (present day) LSI/VLSI

 small size, low-cost, large memory, ultra-fast PCs to supercomputers

 5 th^ Generation Computers (future)

 massively parallel, large knowledge bases, intelligent  Japan, Europe and US advanced research programs

History of Computers

 Web sites

 History of Computers (http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~sf100/c1f7.htm)  ACM Timeline of Computing History (http://www.computer.org/computer/timeline)  The Virtual Museum of Computing (http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/computing .html)  IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (http://www.computer.org/annals/)  and others (surf the web)

Application Areas

 Real-time & Control System: air-traffic control,

aircraft,nuclear power station.  real time, very fast, safety-critical.

 Educational & Recreational

 CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World Wide Web.

 Telecommunication

 Network, SCV, Singapore One.

Types of Computers

 Supercomputers:

 very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m), vector or parallel processors, used in scientific applications and simulations.

 Mainframes:

 fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-throughput, used in large commercial organisations, support many concurrent users interactively.

 Mini-computers:

 fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.

Computer Configurations

 Stand-alone computer system

 Modem connection

Computer Configurations

 Terminals-host connections

Computers as Information Processors

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Example: An automobile augments our power of locomotion.

A computer is a device capable of solving problems according to designed program. It simply augments our power of storage and speed of calculation.

Driver

Programmer

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Computers as Information Processors

 Unlike previous inventions, computers are special because

they are general-purpose.  Could be used to perform a variety of tasks.

 Computer = Hardware + Software.

 Hardware : physical components for computation/processing; should be simple, fast, reliable.  Software : set of instructions to perform tasks to specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, sophisticated.

Basic Machine Hardware Architecture

 Main Components:

 CPU (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and processes data).  Memory: stores programs and intermediate data.  Input Devices: accept data from outside world.  Output Devices: presents data to the outside world.

 An analogy with Human Information Processors:

 CPU – brain’s reasoning powers  Memory – brain’s memory  Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system  Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body expressions

Basic Machine Hardware Architecture

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Monitor (Output)

Mouse and Keyboard (Input)

Headphone (Output)

Hardware box (has processor, memory, buses etc.)

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