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CSET Multiple Subject Subtest 1:
HISTORY and Social Science
California History
Bering-Strait---ans-✔✔Many-people-believe-this-was-once-a-land-bridge-connecting- Russia-and-Alaska;-the-first-Americans-used-this-to-settle-in-North-America California-Indians---ans-✔✔Spoke-a-great-diversity-of-dialects.-Largest-concentration-of- Indians-in-North-America.-Similar-physical-traits-and-features.-Primarily-hunter/gatherer- societies.-Subsistence-was-based-almost-exclusively-on-availble-resources. When-did-the-earliest-peoples-arrive-in-California?---ans-✔✔About-15,000-years-ago Why-were-California's-indigenous-people-isolated-from-the-cultures-that-developed-on-the- Great-Plains?---ans-✔✔Rugged-topography: .-mountains .-deserts Were-California's-indigenous-people-isolated-from-the-cultures-in-Mexico?---ans-✔✔Yes.- It's-the-topography-thing-again. Travel-by-foot-within-a-region-was-easy-or-difficult?---ans-✔✔Difficult--topography Why-did-California-have-a-patchwork-of-isolated-and-distinct-tribal-groupings?---ans- ✔✔Regional-relations-between-groups-were-limited-b/c-travel-was-difficult The-geologic-period-during-which-people-crossed-the-Bering-Strait-land-bridge-into-North- America?---ans-✔✔Late-Pleistocene-or-Early-Ice-Age-20,000-to-30,000-years-ago Is-there-controversy-about-when-people-arrived-in-California?---ans-✔✔Yes.-Evidence- from-the-archaeological-site-at-Calico-could-push-the-date-to-50,000. California-Indian-Language---ans-✔✔Diverse-set-of-dialects-Remember-the-were-isolated- by-the-topography
Were-there-a-large-number-of-California-Indians-or-a-small-number?---ans-✔✔Large- number: .-Estimated:-150,000---300, How-did-the-California-Indian-dwellings-vary-with-location-&-climate?---ans-✔✔North:- frame-&-plank Southern-desert:-brush-shelters Coast:-earthen-mounds Relative-to-the-Plains-Indians,-were-the-California-Indians-warlike?---ans-✔✔No. Were-the-weapons-of-the-California-Indians-very-sophisticated?---ans-✔✔No.-bow-and- arrow,-obsidian-points-hunting-blades,-spears,-harpoons,-clubs,-and-throwing-sticks What-did-the-California-Indians-eat?---ans-✔✔Acorns .-Oak-trees-were-plentiful Acorn-Preparation---ans-✔✔.-dry- .-store .-crack .-leach- before-eating Transportation-reflected-geographic-factors.-What- 2 - kinds-of-boats-were-used?---ans- ✔✔South:-balsa-&-raft-type-boats North:-plank-canoes Shared-heritage: How-was-lineage-traced?---ans-✔✔Paternal-side Shared-heritage: What-was-smoked-in-ceremonies?---ans-✔✔jimsonweed-Native-tobacco Shared-heritage: Were-sweathouses-used-by-men-only-or-both-men-and-women?---ans-✔✔Men-only Shared-heritage: Religions-involved: .-myths-.-creation-stories annnnd---ans-✔✔*-Shamanism *-Influence-of-nature Shaman---ans-✔✔The-single-person-who-takes-on-the-roles-of-priest,-counselor,-and- physician-and-acts-as-a-conduit-to-the-supernatural-world-in-a-shamanist-culture.
Material-belongs-found-to-be-similar-amongst-the-California-Indians:---ans-✔✔1.- Subsistence-agricultural-implements- 2.-Receptacles- 3.-Musical-instruments 4.-Money Examples-of-agricultural-implements---ans-✔✔*-Mortar-&-pestle *-Metate *-Grinding-slab -Digging-stick Examples-of-receptacles---ans-✔✔-Baskets--most-famous *-Pottery *-Wood -Stone-bowls Examples-of-musical-instruments---ans-✔✔-Drum *-Rattle *-Flute *-Rasp -Bow Examples-of-money---ans-✔✔-Clam-disks-and-Olivella-shells Spanish-Conquest---ans-✔✔Christopher-Columbus-convinced-the-King-of-Spain-to- sponsor-his-voyage-to-Asia-by-the-Atlantic-Ocean,-and-thus-found-the-Americas.-The- Spanish-took-control-of-the-Indians-and-began-converting-them-to-Catholicism.-Soon,-the- Spanish-slave-trade-started.-Disease-and-malnutrition-decimated-the-Indian-population. The-Seven-Cities-of-Cibola---ans-✔✔The-place-were-mythical-North-American-towns- supposedly-so-wealthy-that-streets-were-paved-with-gold.with-Amazon-like-women-who- used-golden-weapons. Why-did-Spain-presume-possession-of-California-but-pay-it-little-attention?---ans- ✔✔Spain-focussed-on-richer-parts-of-empire-in .-Mexico-.-Peru-.-Phillipines How-did-the-Spanish-end-up-exploring-the-Baja-peninsula?---ans-✔✔In-1530s-Cortes-was- in-search-of-Seven-Cities-of-Cibola What-was-Spain's-reason-to-explore?---ans-✔✔Conquest-&-Wealth Cabrillo-discovered-what- 4 - spots?---ans-✔✔1.-San-Diego-Bay 2.-Santa-Barbara-Islands 3.-Point-Conception
4.-Point-Reyes What-kind-of-passage-was-Cabrillo-searching-for?---ans-✔✔A-water-passage-between- the-Pacific-and-Atlantic Sir-Francis-Drake---ans-✔✔English-explorer/pirate-who-circumnavigated-the-globe-from- 1577 - to- 1580 - and-was-sent-by-Queen-Elizabeth-I-to-raid-Spanish-ships/settlements-for- gold What-inspired-Spain-to-finally-colonize-California?---ans-✔✔Drake's-claim-in- 1579 - and- the-threat-by-England What-were-the-next- 2 - safe-harbors-discovered-by-Spain-at-this-time?---ans-✔✔Monterey- and-San-Francisco Did-Spain-do-much-more-colonization-of-California-after-finding-Monterey-&-San- Francisco?---ans-✔✔Not-so-much-for-the-next- 100 - years What-was-Spain's-response-to-Russian-explorations?---ans-✔✔Renewed-Spain's- interest-in-colonizing-California Russia-was-interest-in-what-"product"---ans-✔✔Fur Fort-Ross---ans-✔✔Ivan-Kuskov-and-a-group-of-fur-trapper-built-this-fort-near-San- Francisco.,-a-trading-post,-near-Bodega-Bay,-built-by-Russians-in-1812.-It-was-a-base-for- sea-otter-hunters.-they-sold-tools-in-exchange-for-salt,-wheat,-and-other-foods Russian-Fur-interests-in-Alaska---ans-✔✔Pushed-southward Who-else,-beside-Spain,-viewed-Russian-exploration-as-a-threat?---ans-✔✔American- government What-was-the-US-government's-response-to-the-Russian-threat?---ans-✔✔Monroe- Doctrine What-was-the-purpose-of-the-Monroe-Doctrine?---ans-✔✔Restricted-European- colonization-of-the-Americas How-did-Spain-react-to-potential-Russian,-British,-American-presence?---ans- ✔✔Established-presidios-&-pueblos-in-valleys-around- San-Francisco-Bay What's-a-presidio?---ans-✔✔Military-fort What's-a-pueblo?---ans-✔✔Small-settlement
- native-population 2.-All-buildings-built-with-materials-on-hand- 3.-Each-mission-cultivated-food What-foodstuffs-were-cultivated?---ans-✔✔-Cereal-Grains--Grapes -Fruit--Olives *-Livestock Mission-Summary: 3 - Positive-Outcomes---ans-✔✔1.-Provided-presidios-w/food-&-goods 2.-Some-enjoyed-great-economic-success 3.-Gave-Spanish-a-foothold-in-California Mission-Summary: 3 - Negative-Outcomes---ans-✔✔1.-Fatally-exposed-Indians-to-European-diseases 2.-Destroyed-native-culture 3.-Exploited-indigenous-labor-force The-Land-Grant-System---ans-✔✔The-Spanish,-and-later-the-Méxican-government- encouraged-settlement-of-territory-now-known-as-California-by-the-establishment-of-large- land-grants-called-ranchos.-Devoted-to-raising-cattle-and-sheep,-the-owners-of-the- ranchos-attempted-to-pattern-themselves-after-the-landed-gentry-of-Spain.-Their-workers- included-Californian-Native-Americans-who-had-learned-to-speak-Spanish,-many-of-them- former-Mission-residents.-The-ranchos-established-land-use-patterns-that-are- recognizable-in-the-California-of-today. Ranchos---ans-✔✔Owned-by-Californios,-huge-properties-in-California-worked-by-Native- Americanss-in-return-for-food,-shelter Jedidiah-Smith---ans-✔✔Mountain-man,-trapper,-and-trader-known-for-exploring-the- Rockies.-He-opened-up-the-west-with-his-discovery-of-the-South-Pass,-which-was-wider- and-less-steep-than-previous-passes-and-which-allowed-wagon-trails-to-run-through-it. Kit-Carson---ans-✔✔United-States-frontiersman-who-guided-Fremont's-expeditions-in-the- 1840s-and-served-as-a-Union-general-in-the-Civil-War-(1809-1868),-an-American- frontiersman.-He-gained-notoriety-for-his-role-as-John-C.-Fremont's-guide-in-the-American- West. John-C.-Fremont---ans-✔✔Commissioned-by-the-Senate-to-document-and-survey-the- west.-His-descriptions-were-to-make-the-West-look-as-nice-as-possible.-His-famous- stories-glorified-the-West-and-all-the-abundance-of-land-and-possible-wealth,-,-Dashing- explorer/adventurer-who-led-the-overthrow-of-Mexican-rule-in-California-after-war-broke- out
Mexican-American-War---ans-✔✔The-Mexican-American-War-was-an-armed-conflict- between-the-United-States-and-Mexico-from- 1846 - to- 1848 - in-the-wake-of-the- 1845 - U.S.- annexation-of-Texas.-Mexico-claimed-ownership-of-Texas-as-a-breakaway-province-and- refused-to-recognize-the-secession-and-subsequent-military-victory-by-Texas-in-1836. The-Bear-Flag-Revolt---ans-✔✔A-short-lived-independence-rebellion-precipitated-by- American-settlers-in-California's-Sacramento-Valley-against-Mexican-authorities.-The- Americans-issued-a-declaration-of-independence-and-hoisted-a-flag,-white-with-a-grizzly- bear-facing-a-red-star.-The-innsurectionists-elected-Frémont-to-head-the-"Republic-of- California."-The-Republic-was-quick-to-fall.-Commandor-Sloat-claimed-California-for-the- United-States,-and-replaced-the-bear-flag-with-the-American-flag. The-Treaty-of-Guadalupe-Hildago---ans-✔✔Ended-the-War-with-Mexico-and-included-the- Mexican-Cession-transfer-of-California-and-the-future-states-of-New-Mexico,-Arizona,- Nevada,-Colorado,-Wyoming,-Utah-to-U.S.-control. James-W.-Marshall---ans-✔✔One-of-Sutter's-employees;-detected-flakes-of-heavy-yellow- metal-at-the-botton-of-a-wooden-canal-used-to-divert-water-from-the-American-River Sutter's-Fort---ans-✔✔John-Sutter-was-an-immigrant-that-settled-in-California.-He-started- a-settlement-called-New-Helvetia.-he-built-a-fort-on-land-that-the-governer-gave-him,-and- people-who-crossed-the-Sierra-Nevada-sometimes-ended-up-here. John-Sutter---ans-✔✔An-immigrant-who-was-instrumental-in-the-early-settlement-of- Califonria-by-Americans,-he-had-originally-obtained-his-lands-in-Northern-California- through-a-Mexican-grant.-Gold-was-discovered-by-workmen-excavating-to-build-a-sawmill- on-his-land-in-the-Sacramento-Valley-in-1848,-touching-off-the-California-gold-rush. Gold-Fever---ans-✔✔The-rush-to-secure-gold,-especially-alluvial-gold,-in-order-to-acquire- immediate-riches-and-the-associated-social-status.-New-flood-into-Golden-state,-soon- apply-to-become-free-state,-tip-the-balance,-set-off-sectional-debate-on-slavery The-Compromise-of- 1850 - --ans-✔✔Compromise-that-made-.-.-. 1.-California-admitted-as-a-free-state 2.-Fugitive-Slave-Law 3.-Slave-Trade-banned-in-Washington 4.Popular-Sovereignty-in-New-Mexico-and-Utah Transcontinental-Railroad---ans-✔✔Completed-in- 1869 - at-Promontory,-Utah,-it-linked-the- eastern-railroad-system-with-California's-railroad-system,-revolutionizing-transportation-in- the-west.-Chinese-on-the-Cental-Pacific-and-Irish-on-the-Union-Pacific. Railroad's-Big-Four---ans-✔✔The-Big-Four-was-the-name-popularly-given-to-the-chief- entrepreneurs-in-the-building-of-the-Central-Pacific-Railroad,-the-western-portion-of-the-
Referendum---ans-✔✔The-name-given-to-the-political-process-in-which-the-general-public- votes-on-an-issue-of-public-concern. Recall---ans-✔✔Procedure-for-submitting-to-popular-vote-the-removal-of-officials-from- office-before-the-end-of-their-term. Railroad-Commission---ans-✔✔A-full-time,-three-member-paid-commission-elected-by- the-people-to-regulate-oil-and-gas-and-some-transportation-entities The-Californian-Alien-Land-Act---ans-✔✔prohibited-"aliens-ineligible-for-citizenship"-from- owning-agricultural-land-or-possessing-long-term-leases-over-it,-but-permitted-leases- lasting-up-to-three-years.-It-affected-the-Chinese,-Indian,-Japanese,-and-Korean- immigrant-farmers-in-California. The-Panama-Canal---ans-✔✔Buit-to-make-passage-between-Atlantic-and-Pacific-oceans- easier-and-faster-because-there-were-many-Navy-ships-that-needed-to-get-from-Gulf-of- Mexico-out-to-the-Pacific-to-help-protect-American-islands-in-case-of-invasion;-built-by- Roosevelt California-and-WWI---ans-✔✔Wages,-production,-manufactureing-and-commerce- expanded-rapidly.-Real-Estate-Boom.-Movies,-oil-and-Agriculture-thrived. Upton-Sinclair---ans-✔✔Muckraker-who-shocked-the-nation-when-he-published-The- Jungle,-a-novel-that-revealed-gruesome-details-about-the-meat-packing-industry-in- Chicago. Muckraker---ans-✔✔A-journalist-who-uncovers-abuses-and-corruption-in-a-society The-Townsend-Plan---ans-✔✔proposed-placing-$200-of-government-funds-per-month-in- the-hands-of-people-aged- 60 - and-older,-with-the-requirements-that-the-recipients-be- retired-and-spend-the-money-within- 30 - days California-and-WWIl---ans-✔✔Manufacturing-base-was-greatly-increased-by-airplanes- ships-and-other-war-products.-California-became-the-defense-center-of-the-nation. Japanese-Internment-Camps---ans-✔✔The-forcible-relocation-of-approximately-110,000- Japanese-Americans-to-housing-facilities-called-"War-Relocation-Camps",-in-the-wake-of- Imperial-Japan's-attack-on-Pearl-Harbor-because-they-were-perceived-to-be-a-threat-to- national-safety. The-Watts-Riot---ans-✔✔The-first-of-a-series-of-racial-disorders-that-hit-cities-throughout- the-United-States-in-the-summers-of-1965-1967.-they-usually-began-with-an-arrest-or-a- police-raid-that-was-followed-by-rumors-of-resistance-and-police-brutality
Ceasar-Chavez---ans-✔✔Latino-leader-from-1962-1993-who-organized-the-United-Farm- Workers-to-help-migratory-farm-workers-get-better-pay-and-working-conditions The-United-Farm-Workers---ans-✔✔A-labor-union-created-from-the-merging-of-two- groups,-the-Agricultural-Workers-Organizing-Committee-(AWOC)-led-by-Filipino- organizer-Larry-Itliong,-and-the-National-Farm-Workers-Association-(NFWA)-led-by-César- Chávez. Proposition- 13 - --ans-✔✔Californians-staged-a-"tax-revolt"-that-slashed-property-taxes- and-forced-painful-cuts-in-government-services Silicon-Valley---ans-✔✔A-region-of-western-California-southeast-of-San-Francisco-known- for-its-high-tech-design-and-manufacturing-industries Mount-Whitney---ans-✔✔The-highest-peak-in-the-Sierra-Nevada-range-in-California- (14,494-feet-high) California-Topography---ans-✔✔Drastic-changes-in-topography-across-the-state:-rugged- mountain-peaks,-fertile-valleys,-dense-forests,-ocean-boundaries,-and-extensive-deserts California-Geology---ans-✔✔Evidences-faulting,-folding,-alluvial-and-sedimentary- deposition,-and-volcanic-activity The-San-Andreas-Fault---ans-✔✔This-is-the-name-for-a-famous-transform-boundary-in- California. California-Climate---ans-✔✔-Southern-California's-climate-characterized-as- Mediterranean-and-is-unique-in-the-United-States -The-state-has-many-diverse-microclimates,-though-generally-the-coastal-climate-is-mild- and-the-interior-is-much-more-extreme -The-interior-basins-have-the-most-extreme-temperatures The-Coast-Ranges---ans-✔✔-There-are-mountain-ranges-along-the-western-coast-of- California,-extending-from-the-Klamath-Mountains-in-the-north-(Oregon-border-region)-to- the-southwestern-section-of-the-Sierra-Nevada-(Southern-California) -The-San-Andreas-Fault-system-divides-this-region-along-a-north/south-axis -The-range-is-approx.- 550 - miles-long -The-plant-diversity-ranges-from-giant-redwoods-in-the-north-to-chaparral-in-the-south -The-mountains-are-a-series-of-parallel-ranges-formed-by-sedimentary-deposition-uplifted- by-faulting-and-folding -The-climate-of-the-Coast-Ranges-varies-from-low-pressure-areas-that-produce-fog-and- rain-in-the-northern-sections-to-a-Mediterranean-type-condition-in-the-south The-Klamath-Mountains---ans-✔✔-Located-in-the-northwestern-corner-of-the-states -They-are-an-extension-of-the-Coast-Ranges
The-Transverse-and-Peninsular-Ranges---ans-✔✔-This-area-extends-from-Santa- Barbara-to-San-Diego -The-Transverse/Los-Angeles-ranges-extend-in-an-easterly-(transverse)-direction-from- the-coast.-(All-other-California-ranges-extend-north-and-south.) -These-ranges-include-the-Santa-Ynez,-Santa-Monica,-San-Gabriel,-and-San-Bernadino- mountains -The-Los-Angeles-Basin-is-the-state's-largest-coastal-basin-and-was-formed-by-the-alluvial- deposition-of-soil-from-the-surrounding-mountain-ranges -The-Penninsular-ranges-extend-south-from-the-San-Bernadino-Mountains-in-Baja- California-and-from-the-Pacific-Ocean-east-to-the-Salton-Sea-Trough -The-faulted-eastern-sections-of-the-Peninsular-ranges-are-characterized-by-sharp-drop- offs.-It-is-a-complex-region-of-active-fault-zones.-Significant-faults-include-the-San-Jacinto- (near-Palm-Springs)-and-the-Elsinore.
