Download CSET Multiple Subject Subtest III Human Development and more Exams Human Development in PDF only on Docsity!
CSET Multiple Subject Subtest III Human
Development
Cognitive Development correct answersTransformations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence. Theories:
- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Multi-theoretical perspectives of language, intelligence, and children with special needs Piaget's Contributions correct answersMuch of what we know about how children think feel and respond to the world come from him. His theory states that children predictable and orderly stages of cognitive development and at each stage they form a new way to operate and adapt to the world. Children are always looking for a state of equilibrium. Reasoning correct answersThe purposeful process by which a person generates logical and coherent ideas, evaluates situations, and reaches conclusions. Piaget's four stages of cognitive development correct answersSensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations Conservation correct answersA conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appearance of an object the basic properties do not change Assimilation correct answersThe way children incorporate new information with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure, fitting the new knowledge into a template of existing schemes Accomodation correct answersOccurs when children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their experience piano/keyboard Schemas correct answersMental structure in which childrens knowledge is ordered into
Stage 1- Sensorimotor stage correct answersInfancy, Birth to 2 years, infants physical response to the immediate surroundings, Infants learn of their environments through sensation and movement. Egocentrism-infants are the center of their universe. Stage 2- Preoperational period correct answersEarly childhood, 2 to 7 years, Egocentric focus on symbolic thought and imagination, This stage lasts from about two to seven years of age. During this stage, children get better at symbolic thought, but they can't yet reason. According to Piaget, children aren't capable of conservation during this stage. Conservation is the ability to recognize that measurable physical features of objects, such as length, area, and volume, can be the same even when objects appear different. Stage 3- Concrete operations period correct answersMiddle childhood, 7 to 11 years, mastery of conservation the child begins to think logically, (7-11 yrs) Children understand conservation, less egocentrism, understand hierarchal classification, can focus on multiple aspects at a time. Children develop Metacognition, thinking about thinking during this stage.Seriation, transivity, reversibility, and conservation. Stage 4- Formal operations period correct answersThe 4th of Piaget's periods: beginning from 11 years. Form of intelligence in which higher level mental operations make possible logical reasoning with respect to abstract and hypothetical events and not merely concrete objects. Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning. Metacognition correct answersThink about thinking occurs in the concrete operations period, a child;s awareness of knowing about one's own knowledge Animism correct answersRefers to children believing that non-living objects have lifelike qualities Casual Reasoning correct answersChildren believe that their thoughts can cause actions whether or not the experiences have a casual relationship, when I move the clouds move, god moves, sun moves, wind currents move Centration correct answersThe tendency of the child to focus on only one piece of information at a time while disregarding all others
- Piaget quantified the conceptual-learning process, suggesting that there are predictable and orderly developmental accomplishments. Children can be tested at each stage to verify their level of cognitive understanding.
- Piaget suggested that a child's mind seeks a state of equilibrium. At each stage, children form a new way to operate and adapt to the world.
- By understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development, teachers can avoid presenting material in the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability. Moral Development or Morality correct answersAn internalized set of rules influencing the feelings, thoughts and behavior of an individual in deciding what is right and wrong. Kohlberg's three stages of moral development correct answersPreconventional, conventional, postconventional Preconventional correct answersAges 4 to 10 in which children obey because they're parents tell them to and fear consequences, Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking Conventional correct answersAges 10 -13 in which children are more concerned about the opinions of their peers. Second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior Postconventional correct answersAges 13 to adult in which morality is judged by abstract principles rather than existing rules that govern society and looking into oneself, Involves working out a personal code of ethics. Allows for the possibility of noncompliance with society's rules if they conflict with personal ethics. Educational Implications of Moral Development correct answers1. Teachers must recognize that children internalize what is right and wrong based upon their basic values and sense of self.
- Teachers must recognize the sequential foundation upon which higher moral principles are based.
- Teachers must recognize that children respond differently to various moral dilemmas depending upon age, education, and socioeconomic influences.
Classical conditioning correct answersChildren respond automatically since they have formed an association between a stimulus and the response Operant conditioning correct answersChildren learn from operating in the environment Behavior modification correct answersAltering the environment or situation to produce a more favorable outcome Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development correct answersPersonality develops through a series of conflicts that are influenced by society. Eight Stages of age specific crisis we pass through in order to create an equilibrium between our self and society. Turning Points. Erikson stage one correct answersTrust vs. Mistrust- infancy to 1st year Physical comfort, minimal fear and low apprehension about the futur. Sets stage for life long expectation that world is good. The absence of trust can result in eaving the infant feeeling suspicious, guarded and withdrawn from relationships. Erikson stage two correct answersAutonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3yrs) - virtue - Will
- Central issue: Can I act on my own? toddler learns how to explore, experiment, make mistakes and test limits to gain self independence of self reliance,
- Child must learn to assert their wills and do things for themselves
- If child cannot act on own (and parents humiliate or harshly punish them) the child doubts their abilities and believe that they are "bad" Shame leaves the toddler feeling a sense of dislikefor himself. He may also be retcent ot try new activities. Erikson stage three correct answersInitiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years- preschool years)
- As challenges occur, initiative is needed for purposeful behavior, responsibility for body, behavior, toys, pets, etc...
- Responsibility increases initiative
- Guilt occurs if child is irresponsible or is too anxious guilt may dissipate if a sense of accomplishment occurs The child may feel like anything he does may dissappoint people around him.
Anxious avoidant attachment correct answersThe infant readily separates from the caregiver and actively avoids the parent upon return Disorganized disoriented attachment correct answersThe infant shows insecurity and signs of being disoriented Temperament correct answersA collective set of inborn traits that help to construct a child's approach to the world Goodness of fit correct answersRefers to the match between a child's temperament and environmental demands the child must deal with Functional play correct answersType of play begins during infancy with sensorimotor movements manipulating objects on order to receive pleasure Constructive play correct answersToddlers and preschoolers use objects to make something Pretend or Imaginative play correct answersChildren transform symbols into make believe play also pretending Rough and tumble play correct answersTag, chasing, wrestling Games with rules play correct answersInvolves a given set of rules and declines around age 12 usually replaced with organized sports Social Development correct answersBased on what can be observed and learned through experience in the child's environment. Learning behavior theories: Ivan Pavlov's and John Watson's classical conditioning B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning. Social theories in understanding child development:Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory,Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory Albert Bandura's social learning theory Zone of proximal development correct answersThe distance between a child's actual performance and a child's potential performance
Influences on Development correct answerscome from both heredity and environment. Many typical changes during childhood are related to maturation. Individual differences tend to increase with age Vygotsky
Premise of his theory correct answersChildren actively construct their knowledge through society Vygotsky Every function in a child's cultural development appears twice--when? correct answers* 1st between people
- 2nd internally w/in child Vygotsky believed _____ is an essential aspect of cultural development and that _____ growth and language are _____ based. correct answerslanguage cognitive socially Vygotsky also stated cognitive growth is a shared process in that... correct answers... adults provide help/tools to master difficult tasks
I guess point is kids need adults' help Vygotsky 2 tenets of his theory correct answers* Zone of proximal development
Zone of proximal development correct answers* Distance between what a child's actual performance potential performance
1: social and multi cultural... correct answersImportance of social & multicultural education should be emphasized in classroom 6 Points teachers should keep in mind with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory 2: inclusion vs. isolation correct answersIsolating a child inhibits his ability to develop. Emphasize inclusion Provide environment where all students can think & learn 6 Points teachers should keep in mind with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory 3: assessment & ZPD correct answers* When assessing a child, remember Zone of Proximal Development what can they do on their own what can they do with help 6 Points teachers should keep in mind with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory 4: scaffolding correct answersRecognize that with adult/older peer help, children can perform tasks they could not complete on their own 6 Points teachers should keep in mind with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory 5: guided practice correct answers* Organize instead of dictating child's development via "guided practice."
- Initially assume responsibility
- Gradually transfer to child
E.g. Evolution of Ellen's journal prompts E.g. Now you do the last one's on your own 6 Points teachers should keep in mind with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory 6: parents correct answersParents play a key role as significant contributors to child's intellectual development
Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory correct answersStresses importance of advancing learning via observing & modeling the:
. behaviors . attitudes . emotional reactions of others Bandura Contrasted with behavioral model correct answers* Behavioral stresses environmental influences & conditioning
- Social learning stresses value of learning through observation Bandura
Children imitate behavior through: correct answers* socialization
- by learning gender roles
- by self-reinforcement
- by self-efficacy, and
- via other aspects of personality Bandura
What's self-efficacy? correct answersBelief in the ability to do things on one's own Bandura Imitation & rehearsing are powerful tools for learning Bobo doll experiment correct answers* Children observe adult repeatedly punching & knocking down inflated doll
- Later, children imitated aggressive behavior in classroom Bandura
So, do aggressive models encourage aggressiveness in children? correct answersDarn right they do
Ainsworth
Is there reason to believe that there is continuity from attachment related behavior of early years to middle childhood, adolescent, and adulthood? correct answersYes Ainsworth 4 Patterns of attachment correct answers1. Secure Attachment
- Anxious-Resistant Attachment
- Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
- Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment Ainsworth
Secure Attachment--descr. correct answersChild uses caregiver as secure base from which to explore environment Ainsworth Secure Attachment--example correct answersChild freely separates from parent to play Ainsworth Secure Attachment--nature of child correct answers* Relatively comfortable with others
- Believe most others are trustworthy
- Don't worry about abandonment Ainsworth
Anxious-Resistant Attachment--description correct answersChild becomes upset when caregiver leaves is upset during absence Ainsworth
Anxious-Resistant Attachment--example correct answers* Child cannot separate to explore or play
- Child may hit, cry, or kick (resist) upon return of caregiver Ainsworth
Anxious-Resistant Attachment--nature of child correct answers* Feel skeptical about trying new things
- Feel others can't be trusted
- Feel angry much of the time
- Push away those who try to get close Ainsworth
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment--description correct answers* Child readily separates from parent
- Actively avoids parent upon reunion Ainsworth
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment--example correct answersUpon reunion, child: moves away looks away ignores parent Ainsworth Anxious-Avoidant Attachment--nature of child correct answers* Difficulty trusting
- Avoid playing with other children
- Become anxious if someone tries to get too close Ainsworth
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment--description correct answers* Infant shows Insecurity Signs of being disoriented
master academic learning material Temperament is: correct answers* Collective set of inborn traits help to construct a child's approach to the world Temperament traits are _____ in development of _____ and way a child shows _____ responses. correct answersinfluential personality emotional Description of temperament is based on: correct answers* Mood-generally
- Environment
- Activity
- Threshold for reacting to stimulation Most children fall into 3 basic groups of temperament: correct answers* Easy (flexible)
- Difficult (active or feisty)
- Slow-to-warm-up (cautious) ()=more PC terms Children who don't fall into an easy/difficult/cautious category have: correct answersMixed temperaments Who developed the temperament theory? correct answers* Thomas & Chess did the study that found children could be described with 9 characteristics they then grouped into 3
- Wanted to challenge nature/nurture dichotomy Goodness of fit refers to: correct answers* Match between a child's temperament and
environment or demands on child Ex: quiet child in boisterous family
Ex: active child in scholarly family Ex: 4-yr-old "difficult" child expected to sit still on a 5-hour plane flight Temperaments Easy correct answers* Generally in a positive mood
- Adapts easily to new situations
- 40% Temperaments
Difficult correct answers* Tends to cry frequently
- Slow to accept change to new situations
- Irregular daily routines
E.g. Doesn't get hungry at same time
Slow-to-warm-up correct answers* Slow adaptations to new situations
- Slowly accepts them when repeatedly exposed
- 15% 4 Points for teachers re: temperament
1 correct answersClass management is more successful when temperaments of students are kept in mind 4 Points for teachers re: temperament 2 correct answersIndividualized teaching approaches should consider the temperament of the children 4 Points for teachers re: temperament 3 correct answersCan help children:
Vygotsky and play
Believed excellent _____ for advancing a child's _____ and that children believe that imaginary play is ____ correct answersenvironment cognitions real Most forms of play ___ continue throughout life correct answerscan 5 types of play: correct answers1. Functional
- Constructive
- Pretend or Imaginative
- Rough-and-Tumble
- Games with Rules Functional play--characteristics correct answers* Sensorimotor movements manipulating objects in order to receive pleasure
- Begins during infancy
- Involves repetition of behavior/muscle movement
- Can be engaged in throughout life Constructive play--characteristics correct answers* Using objects to make something
- Combines sensorimotor movements and creation/construction of something
- Toddlers & preschoolers Pretend or Imaginative play correct answers* Transformation of symbols into make-believe play
- Pretending helps to build a child's imagination
- Imagination boundless at this time
- Preschool years
When does imagination begin? correct answersAt about 18 months Rough-and-Tumble correct answers* Tag, chase, wrestling,
- Begins about the end of early childhood
- Most popular during middle childhood Games with Rules correct answers* Often during elementary school
- Have rules, are competitive, pleasurable
- Preschool games more about taking turns
- Replace around age 12 by practice play and organized sports
- Can be engaged in throughout life 4 Points teachers should keep in mind regarding play--1 correct answersEncourage play as much of cognitive advances in learning take place during play 4 Points teachers should keep in mind regarding play--2 correct answers* Be aware of what is age- appropriate play for classroom activities
- Encourage imaginative play whenever appropriate 4 Points teachers should keep in mind regarding play--3 correct answersUse play to release physical energy 4 Points teachers should keep in mind regarding play--4 correct answersPlay helps children build social interactions among peers Growth and Development
Infancy correct answers* Birth to 2 years old
- Grow faster in this period than any other Growth and Development
