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CTRI Exam with complete solution
Dudley, a 16-year-old quarter horse, has arrived in the arena a few minutes before his assigned lesson with his horse leader, Maggie. As the instructor is completing the set- up of arena equipment, she observes as Maggie warms Dudley up at walk and trot in hand. Dudley appears to be stiffer than usual in the hind end at the trot. The instructor coaches Maggie to walk and trot Dudley more forward, which will allow him to loosen up before his rider mounts. The lesson plan for the day includes four trot poles. However, based on how Dudley is presenting in his warm-up, the instructor modifies her set-up to reduce the demands on the horse's hind end. After the lesson, the instructor shares her observations of Dudley's stiffness with the barn manager for further evaluation. What are two other choices that the instructor could have made regarding Dudley's stiffness? - ANSWERS-Two other options for managing Dudley's stiffness are removing him from the lesson or allowing more time for warm-up before mounting. Unsoundness is- - ANSWERS-a serious condition that affects an equine's usefulness and way of moving. The CTRI must be able to recognize visual signs of discomfort in the horse that may be an indication of unsoundness, such as ear pinning, tail swishing, nipping or stiffness. Horse Biting Handler During Lesson Richard is a 10-year-old rider with autism who is riding Jack, a 17-year-old Haflinger gelding. Richard is very excited to trot, which causes him to bounce on Jack's back during transition to the trot. The instructor observes that Jack is nipping at his horse leader. The horse handler moves his hand up to hold Jack's halter as a defensive response to the nipping behavior. The instructor identifies three corrections that need to be made to address Jack's biting behavior and the safety of the horse handler based on her observations. First, the instructor gives the rider a verbal correction to let Richard know that his bouncing is making his horse uncomfortable. Additionally, the instructor has Richard trot in half-seat position to increase the weight bearing input he is getting and to reduce the impact of his self-stimulation behaviors on the horse. Once the rider's behavior has been - ANSWERS-Jack would benefit from a variety of interventions to prevent burnout:
exercise by a skilled rider outside of the arena, an evaluation of equipment fit, chiropractic/acupuncture/massage treatment, a week off from therapeutic riding lessons. Evaluation of a Potential Therapeutic Riding Horse An instructor and equine manager are searching for an equine to carry adult riders. They are considering a 16-hand draft cross mare who is 20 years old. She has been an event horse and is retiring from that career due to a tendon injury in her right front leg. The injury has been rehabbed and the horse is back to work doing light trail riding. When evaluating the mare's conformation, the instructor notes that the horse has three balanced parts (neck and shoulder, back and barrel, hindquarters) and a wide spring of ribs. Her hind legs are placed close together and she is cow hocked, which is typical of most work horse breeds. She has windpuffs on both hind legs, likely due to her conformation in relation to jumping. The mare's front legs are square under her chest and straight. Her feet are of good quality and she is only shod up front; however, she is clubfooted on - ANSWERS-The mare described has three balanced parts with a wide spring of her rib, which is indicative of a strong back. Additionally, at 16 hands this mare is not too tall for use of sidewalkers should they be required for those riding her. When viewed from the front, the instructor should be looking for the equine's: - ANSWERS--width of chest -correctness of legs -spring of rib -head -depth of body -symmetry When viewed from the rear, the instructor should be looking for the equine's: - ANSWERS--muscle definition -correctness of legs -depth of body -symmetry When viewed from the side, the instructor should be looking for the equine's: - ANSWERS-•balance and symmetry
- length and thickness of neck
- length and lie of topline
- length of bone in the legs
- depth of body
- joint angles
- correctness of legs An equine's conformation will affect its "way of going." Each equine should be observed in motion from the front, from the hind and from the side at all gaits as well as on a
d. When a horse has an energetic trot, the horse's head will drop when the rider's outside leg is too far behind the girth. - ANSWERS-a. When a lame foot strikes the ground, the horse's head pops up. When a sound foot strikes the ground, the horse's head drops. A horse leader is taking an equine in the ring for a warm-up. The instructor notices the equine is walking behind the horse leader and is taking narrow, shortened steps. What is MOST LIKELY the issue to address? a. Abscess b. Sidebone c. Navicular syndrome d. Arthritis - ANSWERS-d. Arthritis During a lesson, the instructor observes that an equine is swishing the tail, nipping at people and pinning its ears. These behaviors could likely indicate any of the following EXCEPT: a. unbalanced rider. b. incorrect handling by leader. c. increased enrichment in class. d. having too many people in space. - ANSWERS-c. increased enrichment in class. Learning Modality: Auditory - ANSWERS-Instructor -Provide the riders with the task analysis of posting the trot. -Play music that has a 1-2 beat.* -Place bells on the equine to create a rhythm sound.* Riders and/or Sidewalkers -Count 1, 2, 1, 2 in rhythm with the horses' trot. -Say up, down, up, down in rhythm with the horses' trot. -Clap hands in rhythm with the horses' trot. Learning Modality: Visual - ANSWERS-Instructor -Provide a video link for a rider posting the trot. -Demonstrate posting action in the center of the arena. -Place colored tape on horses' outside shoulder for the riders to sync their posting with. -Use boots or wraps of different colors on the horses to show diagonal pairs of legs that create the 1-2 rhythm of the trot. -Draw pictures of the upward and downward phases of the post on a whiteboard or chalkboard. Riders and/or Sidewalkers -Watch a demonstration rider post the trot.
Learning Modality: Kinesthetic - ANSWERS-Instructor -Use ground poles to exaggerate the "bounce" of the trot. Sidewalkers -Tap riders' leg/hand/foot/hip in rhythm with the trot. Riders -Practice on a horse with excellent trot suspension. -Practice posting rhythm on an exercise ball before mounting. What are the what, how and why components to develop the skill of walk/halt transitions? - ANSWERS-Why: Posting the trot is more comfortable for both the rider and the horse How: Eyes forward Shoulders over hips Heels down Hands on reins above the pommel of the saddle Stand up Sit down Continue to stand and sit in a 1-2 rhythm A participant is sweating, breathing rapidly and refusing to comply with directions. What is the MOST LIKELY cause of this behavior? a. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder b. Anxiety c. Sensory processing disorder d. Bipolar disorder - ANSWERS-b. Anxiety Why is an atlantoaxial instability test required for participants with Down syndrome? a. Physician indicates if the heart is healthy enough for activity. b. Physician indicates if vertebra spacing is safe for activity. c. Physician indicates if gastrointestinal abnormalities prevent activity. d. Physician indicates if immune disorders prevent activity. - ANSWERS-b. Physician indicates if vertebra spacing is safe for activity. When teaching a volunteer to support a rider, all of the following are appropriate supports EXCEPT:
When teaching a new volunteer about proper rider position, the instructor describes how good posture supports participants to have all the following EXCEPT: a. improved balance b. minimized effort c. ability to breathe d. decreased spasticity - ANSWERS-d. decreased spasticity Which example below depicts specific praise? a. "Perfect, do that again!" b. "Excellent job, Jim!" c. "Riders, great job stopping your horses!" d. "Riders, try backing up once more!" - ANSWERS-c. "Riders, great job stopping your horses!" What is the BEST strategy an instructor can use to ensure they are teaching each component of a new skill? a. State clear and detailed verbal instructions. b. Perform task analysis of the skill. c. Use knowledgeable coaches to provide prompting when needed. d. Videotape a lesson and have a peer provide feedback. - ANSWERS-b. Perform task analysis of the skill. What is hypertonia? a. Decreased muscle tone b. Increased muscle tone c. Decreased bone mass d. Increased bone mass - ANSWERS-b. Increased muscle tone A rider with autism spectrum disorder has newly joined the class. When selecting an equine, what is typically a consideration? a. Finding a narrow- to medium-based equine to minimize stress on joints. b. Finding an equine that readily responds to neck reining and voice aids. c. Finding an equine that is larger with a smooth gate. d. Finding a non-responsive equine that is calm with movements. - ANSWERS-d. Finding a non-responsive equine that is calm with movements. For a rider struggling to grasp and shorten the reins, what would be a suitably adaptive rein choice?
a. Ladder reins b. Gaming reins c. Rommel reins d. Split reins - ANSWERS-a. Ladder reins What does SMART goals stand for? - ANSWERS-Specific Measurable Attainable Relavant/Realistic Time-bound Horse First-Aid Kit Checklist - ANSWERS-Horse thermometer Topical antibiotic Antiseptic cleaner Surgical scrub Cotton roll Cling wrap Gauze pads, in assorted sizes directions Sharp scissors Cup or container learning styles Sterile gloves Saline solution Stethoscope Slippers A new participant is trying on a helmet for fit. The helmet is snug, and the straps are adjusted to ensure the helmet does not tip backward or forward. What is the appropriate space between the rider's eyebrows and the helmet brim? a. 1 finger's width b. 2 fingers' width c. 3 fingers' width d. 4 fingers' width - ANSWERS-b. 2 fingers' width Which of the following is an appropriate aide to support a rider's foot? a. Shoelaces to hold the rider's foot in the stirrup b. Rubber bands to hold the rider's foot in the stirrup c. Velcro to hold the rider's foot in the stirrup d. Never use additional supplies to hold the rider's foot in place - ANSWERS-b. Rubber bands to hold the rider's foot in the stirrup How many safety checks must be completed throughout an EAAT mounted lesson? a. 1 - just before the riders mount
a. cheek b. nose c. roof of mouth d. poll - ANSWERS-a. cheek Balanced Seat: - ANSWERS-That position of the mounted rider that requires the minimum of muscular effort to remain in the saddle and that interferes least with the horse's movement and equilibrium. Bight of the reins - ANSWERS-The part of the reins passing between thumb and fingers and out the top of the hand. Blemish: - ANSWERS-A defect that hurts an equine's appearance but does not hurt its working ability (e.g., a scar). Broke: - ANSWERS-1. Tamed and trained to a particular function, as halter-broke. 2. To leave or alter gait (e.g., the trotter broke stride). Canter or Lope: - ANSWERS-A three-beat gait in which the first and third beats are made by two legs striking the ground independently and the second beat is made by two limbs striking the ground simultaneously. In the left lead, the sequence of beats is (1) right hind leg, (2) left hind leg and right foreleg, and (3) left foreleg. The reverse applies for the right lead. Cavesson: - ANSWERS-Headstall with a noseband (often quite large) used for exercising and training horses. Change of Lead: - ANSWERS-Change of leading leg at the canter. Cinch: - ANSWERS-Girth of a Western saddle. Cold-Backed: - ANSWERS-Describes a horse that humps its back and does not settle down until the saddle has been on a few minutes. Some "cold-backed" horses will merely tuck their tails and arch their backs when first mounted, but others will take a few crow hops until warmed up. Collected Gait: - ANSWERS-Remaining on the bit, the horse moves forward with its neck raised and arched as a result of energetic impulsion. Lightness of forehand, engagement of hindquarters are called for. Shorter strides, but lighter and more mobile. Conformation: - ANSWERS-Conformation is the way the horse is put together, its physique. Good conformation is beautiful, but more important, it makes a horse able to work well and stay sound even with hard work. Conformation defects can make a horse weak in a particular part or they can just make it less handsome.
Counter Canter: - ANSWERS-A suppling movement deliberately asking for the opposite of the normal lead, such as right lead on a circle to the left. Crest Release: - ANSWERS-A way in which riders in the jumping position can maintain balance and control by placing each hand firmly on top of the crest approximately one- third the way up the horse's neck. Crop: - ANSWERS-A riding whip with a short, straight stock and a loop. Cross-Firing: - ANSWERS-A gait defect that occurs when the inside of the hind foot strikes the diagonal foreleg. Curb Bit: - ANSWERS-A type of bit designed to exert a leverage type of action in the horse's mouth. Direct Rein Steering: - ANSWERS-The direct rein puts pressure on the bit, directly back toward the rider. It works in opposition to the horse's forward motion. The direct rein makes the horse shorten its stride for the turn, so it works best where you need more control or a tight turn. Dressage: - ANSWERS-A time-tested, methodical progression of exercises designed to increase a horse's muscular capabilities and degree of suppleness, allowing it to perform increasingly difficult movements under saddle. Equine-assisted Activities (EAA): - ANSWERS-Activities that are facilitated by equine professionals and may provide opportunities for participants to experience therapeutic benefits. Equine-assisted Therapy (EAT): - ANSWERS-Treatments conducted by appropriately licensed medical professionals. PATH Intl. provides standards of professionalism and safety for all these EAAT professionals. Equitation: - ANSWERS-The act or art of riding horseback. Extended Gait: - ANSWERS-Covering as much ground as possible, lengthening strides to the utmost while maintaining the same rhythm. Far Side: - ANSWERS-Right side of the horse Footfall Pattern: - ANSWERS-The sequence in which the legs move in a gait, such as the walk, trot or canter. Forehand: - ANSWERS-The front of the horse, including head, neck, shoulders and forelegs; in other words, that portion of the horse in front of the center of gravity.
Medium Gait: - ANSWERS-Between the collected and extended. Natural Aids: - ANSWERS-A natural aid is part of your body. Each natural aid has a certain way of signaling the horse. There are four natural aids: hands voice legs weight Nearside: - ANSWERS-The left side of the horse. Offside: - ANSWERS-The right side of the horse. Overreach: - ANSWERS-The hitting of the forefoot with the hind foot. Pace: - ANSWERS-A two-beat gait in which the lateral limbs strike the ground simultaneously. There is a lateral base of support and a period of suspension with all four feet off the ground occurring between each beat. Posting Diagonal: - ANSWERS-When traveling on the rail in the arena or when working in a curved line, the rider rises (posts) when the horse's outside shoulder moves forward. Postural Corrections: - ANSWERS-Corrections made by the CTRI to the position in which the rider's body is aligned while riding. Posture is habitual; therefore, ongoing correction is essential to riding skill development. Rein Back: - ANSWERS-Backward movement in which hooves are raised and set down almost simultaneously by diagonal. Rhythm: - ANSWERS-The regularity of footfalls within each gait. Rollback: - ANSWERS-A series of movements that blend together to look like one movement; incorporates a run or lope, a balanced stop, a fast, smooth 180-degree pivot and a fast break out of the rollback into a run or lope on the proper lead. Serpentine: - ANSWERS-Series of equal curves from one line of the centerline to the other, changing the direction of the turn each time the horse passes over the centerline. Shoulder-in: - ANSWERS-The horse is slightly bent round the inside leg of the rider, and its inside legs pass and cross in front of the outside legs. The horse is looking away from the direction in which it is moving.
Side Pass: - ANSWERS-A movement in which the horse goes straight and sideways; the horse's outside leg should cross over in front of the supporting leg. This movement has a slight degree of forward motion. Side passing lets you move the horse over to open and close a gate easily when mounted, helps in suppling and in preparing for flying changes. Simple Change of Lead: - ANSWERS-Change of lead performed by breaking gait to the trot. Skill Progression: - ANSWERS-Systematic building of skills upon a foundation. The CTRI should teach skills in an order that will most effectively advance the rider to the best of their ability. Snaffle Bit: - ANSWERS-A bit that works by direct action in the horse's mouth. Specific Praise: - ANSWERS-A positive statement intended to reinforce the desired behavior of an individual that acknowledges the individual by name (or in a manner in which they know who is being praised), specifically describes/identifies the individual's behavior and incorporates a term of praise. Stride: - ANSWERS-The distance covered by one foot when in motion. Supple: - ANSWERS-An equine's ability to remain relaxed, flexible and easily bend and turn. Throat Latch: - ANSWERS-The narrow strap of the bridle or headstall that goes under the horse's throat and is used to secure the bridle or headstall to the head. Topline: - ANSWERS-A horse's topline goes from the hip, over the loin, through the back and through the neck. It consists of the muscles the horse uses to carry itself through the gaits, especially in transitions. A strong topline has to be developed for a horse to have self-carriage; it's how you know whether or not a horse is balanced. Transition: - ANSWERS-Change of gait or speed. Trappy: - ANSWERS-A short, quick, choppy stride, usually seen in horses that have short and steep pasterns and straight shoulders. Travers: - ANSWERS-Haunches in. The horse is lightly bent around the inside leg of the rider. Its outside legs pass and cross in front of the inside legs. The horse is looking in the direction in which it is moving. Performed along the wall or on the center line, at an angle of about 30 degrees to the direction in which the horse is moving.
Ataxia: - ANSWERS-Incoordination that manifests especially when voluntary movements are attempted. A characteristic of types of brain injury and cerebral palsy. Athetosis: - ANSWERS-A condition that involves involuntary slow irregular twisting movements. It is a characteristic of damage to certain areas of the brain. It may be observed in athetoid or dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Aura: - ANSWERS-A subjective sensation (such as of voices, colored lights or skin sensations) experienced before the start of a seizure or migraine. Bilateral: - ANSWERS-Affecting or occurring on both sides of the body. For example, a participant who has bilateral hearing aids wears hearing aids on both ears. Bilateral Motor Coordination: - ANSWERS-Skill and performance in purposeful movement that requires interaction between both sides of the body in a smooth, refined manner. Central Nervous System: - ANSWERS-The brain and spinal cord. Congenital: - ANSWERS-Existing from birth. Contracture: - ANSWERS-A limitation of range of motion of a joint. This condition is due to shortening of muscles, tendons and/or ligaments around joints. Contractures of the hip may result in a contraindication to mounted EAA. Crossing Midline: - ANSWERS-Crossing the vertical center line of the body, such as with an arm. An individual needs to use both sides of their brain in order to cross midline effectively. Cyanosis: - ANSWERS-A bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygen in the blood. Decubitus Ulcer: - ANSWERS-A skin lesion caused by pressure to an area of the body. Also known as a pressure sore or pressure injury. Decubitus ulcers on a weight-bearing surface of the body are a contraindication to riding. Developmental Disability: - ANSWERS-A disability that interrupts or delays the typical developmental sequence. Diplegia: - ANSWERS-Quadriplegia with greater involvement of lower body than upper body. Commonly used with regards to cerebral palsy. An individual who has diplegic cerebral palsy has significant involvement of their legs and trunk with the arms and hands less affected. Distal: - ANSWERS-Further or furthest from the trunk (e.g., hand is distal to the elbow).
Dorsiflexion: - ANSWERS-Bending the ankle in a way that brings the toes up. Edema: - ANSWERS-Swelling. Epilepsy: - ANSWERS-Seizure disorder. Equilibrium: - ANSWERS-A state of balance. Extension: - ANSWERS-To straighten the body or a joint. For example, extension of the elbow results in straightening the arm. External Rotation: - ANSWERS-To rotate outward away from the body's midline. In the realm of EAAT, external rotation of the hips is discussed most frequently. To externally rotate a hip, the thigh is turned away from the center of the body so that the knee points out, away from the other knee. Extreme external rotation puts the individual at risk for hip subluxation or dislocation. Flaccid: - ANSWERS-A complete lack of tension in muscles; excessively relaxed or floppy. An individual who has had a spinal cord injury may experience flaccid muscles below the level of injury. Flaccid muscles surrounding a joint can cause instability of the joint. Flexion: - ANSWERS-To bend the body or a joint. For example, flexion of the knee results in the leg being bent. Hemiplegia: - ANSWERS-Paralysis or paresis involving one side of body, either the right or left side. May be a characteristic of brain injury or cerebral palsy. Hyperextension: - ANSWERS-Straightening of a joint beyond the joint's normal position. Hypertonia: - ANSWERS-Increased resting tension of a muscle. This may make it more difficult to move a part of the body in a particular direction. Hypotonia: - ANSWERS-Decreased resting tension of a muscle. This may cause the person to use greater effort to move or hold theirselves up against gravity. Hypotonia may cause greater instability of joint(s). Incontinence: - ANSWERS-Inability to control urination and/or defecation. Inferior: - ANSWERS-Below or lower than, in reference to anatomy. For example, the ankle is inferior to the knee. Internal Rotation: - ANSWERS-To rotate inward toward the body's midline. In the context of EAAT, internal rotation is most often discussed in relation to the hips. Internal
Ensuring Equine Wellness - ANSWERS--Allow for breaks based on the equine's age, fitness level, temperament and workload. -Thoughtfully and purposefully select equine partners for participants for lessons and activities. -Build relationships by pairing an equine with a specific instructor or volunteer for personalized attention and veterinary recommendations specific to that horse. -Tailor a workload appropriate for the equine in accordance with PATH Intl. standards. -Monitor stressors within the program and herd. -Promote a consistent routine for each equine. -Develop and execute personalized, consistent fitness programs for each equine. -Nurture overall equine well-being by monitoring nutrition and health. Riders served in EAA programs have frequently been diagnosed with one or more of the following disabilities: - ANSWERS-Amputation or Limb Difference Anxiety Disorder Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Brain Injury Cerebral Palsy (CP) Communication Disorder Down Syndrome Hard of Hearing Hypotonia Intellectual Disability Learning Disability (LD) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Seizure Disorder Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Vision Impairment Three types of ADHD: - ANSWERS-Primarily inattentive type Primarily hyperactive-impulsive type Mixed type
Primarily inattentive type ADHD - ANSWERS-individual has difficulty maintaining focus. Participants may appear to be frequently daydreaming or thinking about things other than what they are doing at the time Primarily hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD - ANSWERS-An individual with this type of ADHD may be constantly moving and may make impulsive choices without thinking about the consequences. They may seem impatient, be easily frustrated or frequently interrupt others. Mixed type ADHD - ANSWERS-characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Cerebral palsy - ANSWERS-a motor disability resulting from brain damage that occurred before, during or shortly after birth. This brain damage results in atypical muscle tone. hypertonia or spasticity - ANSWERS-unusually high muscle town (normally in CP) hypotonia - ANSWERS-unusually low muscle tone Hemiplegic CP - ANSWERS-impacts one side of the body Diplegic CP - ANSWERS-involves the legs more than the arms quadriplegic CP - ANSWERS-impacts all four limbs dyskinetic or athetoid CP - ANSWERS-exhibit involuntary movements Muscle tone may fluctuate from low to high in these individuals Sensory processing involves: - ANSWERS-Registering, interpreting and responding appropriately to sensations from all eight senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, vestibular, proprioception and interoception). sensory integration dysfunction - ANSWERS-Individuals who have difficulty with processing sensory information Characteristics of sensory processing disorder - ANSWERS-Unexpected responses to touch, movement, particular textures, sounds or smells Gravitational insecurity (extreme response to having feet off of the ground) Self-stimulatory behavior
