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Defense Technology. Weapon System ¢ Conventional Weapon System: They are limited damage weapons. Example: Guns, RDX, bomb : | (ga osnon System Non- @ Conventional Weapon System e Non-Conventional Weapon System: A weapon of mass destruction (WMDs) is a nuclear, radiological, chernical, biological, or other device that \s intended to harm a large number of people. ™ Biological Weapons: For example, drug resistant pathogens which can kill large numbers of people simultaneously. They can also be lab engineered. a Chemical Weapons: | t can kill or incapacitate people. e Example: Mustard gas, sarin gas, lewisite gas ™ Nuclear Weapons: They release enormous destructive energy through nuclear fission or fusion, causing mass destruction, radiation, and long-term environmental damage. © Examples : Atomic bomb (Hiroshima, Nagasakt), Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear bomb). Conventions e Biological Weapons Convention (BWO), 1972: o Member countries cannot develop, share or use biological weapons. © India is a signatory of BYVC. © The entire world is free from biological weapons. © \t was never used in any warfare and hence, human civilization is saved till date. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWO), 1993: o Member countries cannot develop, share or use any chemical weapons. © India Is a signatory of CWC. © India Is free from any chemical weapons by enacting Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 in the Parliament Nuclear Triad « Anuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure comprising land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines, and strategic aircraft carrying nuclear bombs and missiles. « India: Since 2019, India has been a part of the elite Nuclear Triad club. © Land: Agni Missile, Prithvi Missile o Air: Aircrafts like Rafale, Mirage, Sukhoi. o Water: This can be classified Into two categories. ™ Surface: Destroyers with launch missile like Dhanush = Under Water: Submarine of INS Arihant with Sagarika Missiles (K-15 Series) Missiles Classifications of Missiles Missile Classifications Lounch Mode fh ~. Surface to Surface Missile + Surface to Air Missil Surface to Sea Missile Air to Air Missile +! Air to Surface Missile + Air to Sea Missile + Short Range Medium Range | Intermediate Range ai Missile _, * Intercontinental Range Sea to Sea Missile + "| Classifications | Sea to Surface Missile 7 | “7A lg Path Seato Air Missile “| alllistic Missiles Warhead of” *- Cruise Missiles Conventional Warhead +, Strategic Warhead Missile * On The Basis of Hight Path: Cruise Missile Ballistic Missile The path is parabolic and it \s unguided. However, Wt has no fixed path and can be maneuvered modern ballistic missiles may maneuvered have (guided). It is self-propelled until the end. terminal g uldance systems (like MaRV - Maneuverable Reentry Vehicles) m Te | The target is fixed, and the missile is It can acquire moving targets and hasunguided, as tt cannot be maneuvered high precision. mid-flight. ~ of: el wes Dx, A Mm Bases wy * Surface to air missile (GAM). It is an air defense missile. ¢ Stages: First Stage has solid fuel o Second stage have Ramjet engine Cusing liquid fuel) * Alt Breathing Engines: Air breathing engines use oxygen from the atmosphere for the combustion of the fuel. They cannot start from Zero speed. They need a significant amount of Kinetic energy to initiate and maintain them. Two examples are o Ramjet: Ramjet is designed for supersonic speed @ Mach 25). a Very few moving parts © Scramjet: Scramjet is designed for hypersonic speed @ Mach 5). a There no moving parts e Range: Its interceptor range is 30 km (short range) o |tcan attain altitude up to 18 km. It has a self-destruction mechanism . * It can engage multiple targets simultaneously. * Rajendra Radar: It \s supported by multiple targeted and multi-functional phased array fired control radar named as Rajendra radar. Speed: 25 - 3 Mach (supersonio Cruise Missiles BrahMos “Indonesia is interested.There are other countries also who have shown interest in Brahmos.. Some countries in the Middle East and some other countries in Southeast Asia" - DRDO Chairperson Samir V Kamat in February 2025 ‘India exports second batch BrahMos missile to ‘Philippines via sea | The delivery of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles fo the Phillppines is part of a $375 milion deal signed in 2022} ' between New Delhi and Manila « Joint Venture: BrahMos is manufactured by BrahMos Aerospace Ltd. which Is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroyentya, « Named After: The missile derives tts name from the ' Brahmaputra (ndia) and Moskva (Russia) rivers. BrahMos Missile ! \s one of the fastest cruise missile technologies. } Range: Before signing of Missile Technology Control Regime (MCTR) the range was approximately 290 km. o After signing of MCTR the range was approximately 600-700 km. * Speed: Approximately 28 Mach (before MTCR) o Approximately 7-8 Mach (after MTCR) Payload: 200 - 300 kg. + The missile operates on a Fire and Forget Principle, adopting varieties of flights on Its way to the target. \t has a low radar signature. Variants of BrahMos BrahMos | BrahMos Il BrahMos NG (Next Generator) Range is 220 km Range is 600-700 km tis 3 metre smaller Payload Capacity is |Payload Capacity is |It is SO percent lighter 200-300 kg 200-300 kg (made up of composite material) Speed is 28 Mach Speed 7-8 Mach Especially used for export Two-Stage where first | Two-Stage where first | Suitable for Aircraft Stage is solid and|stage is solid and second uses Ramjet} second uses Scramjet engine engine Nirbhay Missile © Speed: Subsonic cruise missile; 08 Mach * \t being indigenously developed * Stage: Two staged; solid and turbojet « Range: 1000 km (medium range missile) * Payload Capacity: 2 00-300 km o Nuclear warhead carrying capability ¢ Variants: o Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (TCM) o Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM) ™ Range: 1500 km ™ In November 2024, DRDO conducted the maiden flight-test of LR-LACM from the Integrated Test Range (TR), Chandipur off the coast of Odisha. e Overview: | t is an all-weather ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) © It Is indigenously built. © It\s based on “fire and forget’ technology. e Range: 3-7 km * Variants / Versions “4 HELINA Helicopter based NAG): If it is mounted on the (army) helicopter. o Dhurvastra: Air force version a Range: 7-8 km © MP-ATGM: Man Portable ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) m Range: 2-25 km o SANT Gtand-off Anti-tanto: F ourth generation of HELINA a Range: 15-20 km o Nag MII: In January 2025, India successfully tested Nag Mk-ll m Range: 05-4 km a Jet Vane Control (VC) System: Enables more precise, controlled and improved Manoeuvrability of the missile thus enhancing Its ability to strike moving targets with greater precision. Fig: Nag Missile and NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) which \s designed to carry a total of 12 Nag anti-tank guided missiles BallisticMissileDefense(BMD) Indian Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Shield DRDO successfully tests Phase-II ballistic missile defence system the maiden test of the Phase-II BMD that can intercept ballistic missiles of 5,000 ! jm class was conducted in November 2022 {Vedated -july25, 2024 04:21am IST NEW DELHI ITHE HINDU BUREAU Fig: BMD Phase Il system demonstrated the indigenous capability to defend against ballistic missiles of 5,000 km class. Phase 1 of the BMD, which can intercept ballistic missiles with a range of 2,000 km, has already been deployed. « Working: DRDO's BMD programme has a two-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, PAD for high altitude interception and AAD for lower altitude interception. Prithvi Air Defense (PAD): The exo-atmospheric interceptor missile PAD will hit its target in space at an altitude over 80 km from earth. © Height: Maximum flight altitude of 80 km © Speed: Approximately S Mach © Accuracy: 99 percent © Its also called Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor e Advance Air Defense (AAD): The capabilities of AAD endo-atmospheric missile is used for intercepting missiles at altitudes of 30 km. o Height: Amaximum altitude in interception range of 30 km. o Speed: 4Mach o Accuracy: 99 percent \t is also called Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor ° Defense System of Other Countries Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) - USA ¢ The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, or simply abbreviated as THAAD, is a missile defense system that is designed to intercept and medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase o First proposed in 1987 and then finally deployed in 2008, the THAAD cannot be used as a form of attack against an enemy. Its role, by use of a powerful radar, is to simply track and destroy missiles before they are launched. e Range: More than 200 km e Speed: Approximately 14 Mach. ron Dome - Israel + lron Dome, Israel's missile defense system, has been operational since March 2011 and in many ways is similar to the US' THAAD system. * Iron Dome is a short-range anti-rocket, anti-mortar, and anti-artillery system with an intercept range of 25 to 43 miles and was developed by Rafael Advanced Defence Systems of Israel. In the past, Israel has put lron Dome's interception rate at as high as 97%. Golden Dome - US * TheUnited States isset to develop an advanced missile defence system, called the ‘Golden Dome. Mission Shakti Recently, India has tested ASAT (Anti-Satellite Missile Test). These are the weapons designed to destroy or disable satellites in orbit. « It \s crucial for defence and strategic purposes. ¢ Joint efforts of DRDO and ISRO. « India became the fourth country to have such technology. Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket Microwave Obscurant Chaff (MOO), a niche technology developed by DRDO's Jaipur-based Defence Laboratory, obscures radar signals and creates a microwave shield around platforms and assets, thus reducing radar detection. In the News: ‘The MR-MOCR has been handed over by DRDO to the Indian e On The Basis of Launch Mode: ¢ On The Basis of Warhead: ° Conventional Warhead: A conventional warhead contains high energy explosives. It is filled with a chemical explosive and relies on the detonation of the explosive and the resulting metal casing fragmentation as Kill mechanisms. ° Strategic Warhead Missile: In a strategic warhead, radioactive materials are present and when triggered they exhibit huge radio activity that can wipe out even cities. They are generally designedfor mass annihilation. ¢ On The Basis of Range: o ShortRange: 300 km to 1000 km (Relative) o Medium Range: Up to 3500 km (Relative) o Intermediate Range: 3 500 km to S500 km o Intercontinental Range: O ver 5500 km Missile Program of India - Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (GMDP) It was a visionary project by Dr. AP. Abdul Kalam Cmissile man of India) which was started in 1983. DRDO on January 8, 2008, formally announced successful completion of |GMDP. ¢ Objective: T 0 buildvariousballistic missiles ° Five Types of Ballistic Missiles: o PrithviMissile: S urface to surfacermissile; short range o Agni Missile : Surface to surface missile; long range o Trishul Missile: Surface to air missile. The project was shut down in 2008. © Nag Missile: A nti-Tank Missile © Akash Missile: S urface to air missile; used in air defense system Mnemonics _ PATNA = e PrithviMissile « Agni Missile © Trishul Missile © Nag Missile: © A kash Missile Agni Missile * Surface to surface (SSM) long-range ballistic missile (LRBM) Fuel: Solid fuel ¢ Variants: Agni |, Agni Il, Agni Ill, Agni lV, Agni Vand Agni Prime. o The first three were part of IGMDP. Warhead: Nuclear warhead capable Reasons Behind Developing Agni V: It is aimed mainly at Conoverco AM, Rark2,, Rants... a a thwarting the challenge from China. — a The Hindu lew capabilities: India and the Agni-V with MIRV ‘ This was accomplished with the maiden flight test of Agni-V, India's longest range ‘ ballistic missile with a range of over 5,000 kilometres, with... ' 22 Mar 2024 o Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV): The MIRV can target multiple targets that can be hundreds of kilometres apart with asingle missile. In other words, warheads on MIRVed missiles can be released from the missile at different speeds and in different directions. o Feat: India became the sixth nation to develop MIRV technology. o Other Countries with MIRV Technology: As of now, the United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom ie. all PS nations are known to have MIRV-equipped missiles. These missiles can be launched from land or from sea from a submarine. Prithvi Missile Surface to surface (SSM), short-range ballistic missile GRBM) Fuel: Liquid fuel Variant: Prithvi |, Prithvi Il, Prithvi Ill, Warhead: Nuclear warhead capable « Reason Behind Developing Prithvi: Achieve a nuclear deterrence posture against Pakistan Range Stage Feature Prithvil 1450 km 1 Army version Pritavill 250 - 350 km 71 Air force version The 350 km one has been developed. Prith I) 350 kim 2 Sea variants have been developed Dhanush: \t is the Prithvi Ill missile which is the naval version. o Range: 350 km o Sea to surface and has a stability platform o Has the nuclear attacking capability. Sagarika: ¢ Developed under K-15 Series which Is also called B-OS or Sagarika o INS Arihant can carry a dozen K-15 missiles on board o It Is Indid's first indigenous SLBM (Suomarine-launched Ballistic missile) making India the fifth nation in the world to possess SLBM o It possesses nuclear warhead capability Range: Approximately 750 km o Due to this India completed its nuclear triad in 2019. ° Shaurya: ¢ Land version of Sagarika; short range SLBM o Canister launched SSM (Surface to Surface missile) © Range: 600 km ° Nuclear warhead carrying capability Prahar: 5 +s Extended vers . © Solid tueled version of Prithvi Pranash: Extended version of Prahar ° Range: 150 km Range: 200 km ° It Is expected to replace Prithvi | © Pragati: The export version is called Pragati ° Short-Range Ballistic Missile GRBM) a Rangel 170 km ° Speed: Mach-2 ° No nuclear warhead carrying capability. To be used only in conventional warfare. Mach Number ¢ The ratio of the speed of the aircraft to the speed of sound in the gas determines the magnitude of many of the compressibility effects. Because of the Importance of this speed ratio, aerodynamicists have designated it with a special parameter called the Mach number in honour of Ernst Mach, a late 19th century physicist who studied gas dynamics. © Speed of Sound: S43 m/s which equals to 1236 kra/h o Subsonic: Mach is lesser than 1 (less than 1236 km/h) ratio= —Cblest Speed __ iach Number { oTransonic: As the speed of the object approaches the Sree SS speed of sound, the flight Mach number Is nearly equal “er to one, M = 1, and the flow is said to be transonic. In Sse Hypo other words speed is equal to 1236 Km/h se eanicey b sy Supersonic: Supersonic conditions occur for Mach q wach = 1 numbers greater than one (greater than 1236 km/hr) ‘eet i © Hypersonic: For speeds greater than five times the speed beceeeteecneneeeeennesetemneseettnnseeeemnnneeeenned QF sound, M > 5, the flow Is said to be hypersonic Fig: Mach Number (greater than 6180 km/h) Aircratts Different Generations of Fighter Jets Aircrafts ist 2nd 3rd 4th 45th Sth Generation | Generation | Generation | Generation | Generation | Generation Mid 1940s | Mid 1950s | 1960s - | Mid 1970s |Mid 1990] Mid 2000 * mid|- early | Mid 1970s | - mid} onwards — | onwards 1950s 1960s 1990s Turbgjet + | Radar Multi-role | Incorporat | Advanced | Swing role Subsonic | system +] system +]ed Fly by | avionics + thrust Speed Delta-shap | Air guided | wire (better vector ed wings + | missiles | auto-pilot) | stability) | control + Supersonic + and. Thrust-vec speed Stealth electronics | tor technology controlled to become propulsion invisible) system Ex MiG-15 | Ex: MiG-21 | Ex: MiG-23, | Ex: Ex: Sukhoi |Ex: F-22 of Russia | and MiG-25, MiG-29, 30, Rafale, | Raptor, Sukhol-7? | Phantom | MiG-27 Tejas F-35 Ml MicllIA Gin | Raptor by future) USA ‘BS Business Standard :China steps up testing of sixth-gen stealth fighters amid itensions with US ‘ Chinese sixth-gen aircraft: Testing of sixth-generation stealth fighter jets, dubbed J-36 ‘and J-50, have been spotted showing futuristic... Indian Air Force JAR Aircrafts Combat / Jet Fighter Aircrafts ¢ Imported: Rafale, Mirage and Jaguar from France o MiG-29, MiG-21, Sukhoi (u-300) from Russia * Indigenously Built: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Tejas which is a Light Combat Aircraft (LA). o Future Plans: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) which would be a Sth generation aircraft of India. ¢ Rafale: It \s developed by a French company, Dassault Aviation. o Earlier, India has imported 36 Rafale and currently Indian navy is planning to import 26 more Rafale. : : RAFALE SPECIFICATIONS | © Speed: Top speed is 18 Mach } Te / © Service Ceiling: S 0,000 ft * HAL Tjas LCA: | t is developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL. 2 Single engine multi-role combat aircraft Grd Generation) o It has been made to replace the MiG-21. 6 TONNES. fe YBmacharich | ALTITUDE o Advance Version: a Tejas Mk Il: Twin engine deck board fighter. It will replace the MiG-29. m Tejas MIA: 4th Generation + Beyond Visual Range missile capacity (BVR) IS STEALTHIER, MORE POTENT 1 Conceny payloads up 03.500 kg {49} Hasenemy radar jamming capabilities {> Beyond-visual-range (BVR) misile capability {> Airto-sir refueling {> Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) gives better range,can track 6 targets i {> Electronic Warfare (EW) suite for self 1 @ Better maintainability and longer shelf ile ‘From delivery delays to lack of ; ‘mission mode’: Air Chief ‘Marshal AP Singh’s concerns ‘with HAL over Tejas ‘A hief Marshal A P Singh has emphasised the need for HAL to invest in | anced manufacturing pr s and up-skill manpower. q Military Drones (Remotely Piloted / Auto Piloted Aircraft System) of India e TAPAS-BH201: © It 1s the first indigenously built high endurance UAV. © It was earlier known as Rustom © It can reach an altitude of 25,000 ft. © High endurance Chow long can It stay in air) of 10-24 hours Nishant: e a a It Is indigenously built short range UAV. o Range: 150 km o Purpose: Surveillance ° Endurance: 45 hours ° Panchi: Wheeled version of Nishant is called Panchi wa : Fig: Nishant and Panchi ° Lakshya: ° It \s a re-usable high subsonic aerial target system powered by a gas turbine engine and launched either from land or ship. © Speed: 500 km/h © Range: 100 km Daksha: e o Multi-purpose drone that can be used for different purposes like bomb disposal. Fig: Daksha Ghatak: e o Itis aUCAV Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) o Stealth technology o Future technology of DRDO. HAROP Drone e HAROP \s a Kind of loitering munition . This category of weapons is named so because they loiter in the air close to the designated target. * They cause destruction by crashing into their targets with the explosive payload that they carry, earning names such as “suicide drones’ and * kamikaze drones * + Loitering munitions are also used for surveillance of targets, and can carry out precision strikes autonomously or otherwise. e HAROP has a nine-hour endurance to seek targets in a designated area, locate and identify them, plan an attack route, and then pursue the strike from any direction at a shallow or steep dive. Israel-made Harop ‘Harpy’ suicide drones that can: stay in air for hours t Over the past several years, the Indian military has built up a formidable arsenal of new-age weapons that includes a range of precision-guided long-range weapons and drones, including loitering munitions. Among therm: e HAMMER (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range): © ‘Type: Air-to-ground precision-guided weapon © Range: Up to 70 km © Platform: Rafale fighter aircraft o Features: Can be fitted to bombs and various guided systems; used for medium-range tactical Precision strikes o Manufacturer: Safran (France) e@ SCALP: o Known as Storm Shadow in Britain, o Type: Alr-launched cruise missile with stealth features o Range: ~450 km o Capabilities: Long-range deep strikes, operates in all weather and night conditions Navigation: | nertial Navigation System (INS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and terrain referencing © Targets: Can penetrate bunkers and ammunition stores. © Manufacturer: MBDA (Europe) e METEOR: © Type: Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) ° Features: Effective in dense electronic warfare, high accuracy © Propulsion: Solid-fuel ramjet for sustained thrust o Advantage: Largest "No Escape Zone" among air-to-air missiles o Manufacturer: MBDA (Europe) ° | ME business Toioy { How SCALP missiles may have exposed cracks in China’s j shield over Pakistan Te steath coating on SCALP, combined wth ts aby to fy at ow attudes, madeit cay hare for ra i 
