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"""Deviant Behavior"" (1st Edition) by John A. Humphrey and Frank Schmalleger is structured into the following chapters: Introduction to the Study of Deviant Behavior Theories of Deviant Behavior: I Classical Theories Theories of Deviant Behavior: II Contemporary Perspectives Homicide Domestic Violence Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviors Mental Illness Alcohol Abuse Illicit Drug Use Sexual Offending Property Crimes White-Collar and Organized Crime Cyberdeviance Positive Deviance Extreme Forms of Everyday Behaviors: Working, Using the Internet, and Exercising Terrorism These chapters provide a comprehensive exploration of various forms of deviant behavior, integrating classical and contemporary theoretical perspectives."
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Accredited Test Bank Solution For
Deviant Behavior, 1st Edition Humphrey
[All Lessons Included]
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Complete Chapter Solution Manual
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"Deviant Behavior" (1st Edition) by John A. Humphrey and Frank Schmalleger is structured into several chapters, each focusing on different aspects of deviant behavior. The chapters are organized as follows:
- Introduction to the Study of Deviant Behavior
- Theories of Deviant Behavior: I Classical Theories
- Theories of Deviant Behavior: II Contemporary Perspectives
- Homicide
- Domestic Violence
- Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviors
- Mental Illness
- Alcohol Abuse
- Illicit Drug Use
- Sexual Offending
- Property Crimes
- White-Collar and Organized Crime
- Cyberdeviance
- Positive Deviance
- Extreme Forms of Everyday Behaviors: Working, Using the Internet, and Exercising
- Terrorism This comprehensive structure provides readers with an in-depth understanding of various forms of deviant behavior, theoretical perspectives, and contemporary issues related to deviance.
- INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR (QUESTIONS 1-34) Q1. What is the primary focus of the study of deviant behavior? A. Understanding cultural norms B. Examining behaviors that violate societal norms C. Promoting conformity D. Analyzing economic impacts of behavior Answer: B. Examining behaviors that violate societal norms
Q5. Which perspective emphasizes the role of societal structure in contributing to deviant behavior? A. Symbolic Interactionism B. Conflict Theory C. Functionalism D. Social Control Theory Answer: B. Conflict Theory Explanation: Conflict theory posits that societal structures and inequalities contribute to deviant behavior, often highlighting how those in power define and enforce norms that serve their interests. Q6. What concept describes the discrepancy between culturally approved goals and the legitimate means to achieve them? A. Anomie B. Strain C. Labeling D. Differential Association Answer: B. Strain Explanation: Strain theory, developed by Robert Merton, describes the tension between societal goals and the means available to achieve them, which can lead individuals to engage in deviant behavior to bridge the gap. Q7. Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance according to Durkheim? A. Affirming cultural values B. Promoting social unity C. Encouraging social change D. Causing societal collapse Answer: D. Causing societal collapse Explanation: Durkheim identified positive functions of deviance, such as affirming cultural values, promoting social unity, and encouraging social change. Causing societal collapse is not considered a function of deviance. Q8. What term refers to the official reaction to deviance, often involving legal penalties? A. Informal control B. Social sanctions C. Criminalization D. Moral panic
Answer: C. Criminalization Explanation: Criminalization is the process by which behaviors are officially defined as deviant and are subject to legal penalties, distinguishing them from non-criminal forms of deviance. Q9. Which theory suggests that deviance is learned through interaction with others? A. Strain Theory B. Social Learning Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Control Theory Answer: B. Social Learning Theory Explanation: Social Learning Theory posits that deviant behavior is learned through interactions with others, where individuals adopt behaviors modeled by peers or significant others. Q10. What is the term for the process by which individuals come to accept and integrate the values and norms of a group into their own behavior? A. Internalization B. Externalization C. Differentiation D. Assimilation Answer: A. Internalization Explanation: Internalization involves accepting and integrating the values and norms of a group, leading individuals to adhere to these standards voluntarily. (Questions 11-34 continue in similar format, covering various foundational concepts in the introduction to deviant behavior, such as definitions, types of deviance, methods of study, societal reactions, and key theorists.)
- THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR: I CLASSICAL THEORIES (QUESTIONS 35-69) Q35. Which classical theorist is associated with the concept of anomie? A. Robert Merton B. Emile Durkheim C. Travis Hirschi D. Howard Becker
Explanation: Deterrence theory posits that punishment can prevent deviance by making the consequences undesirable. For it to be effective, punishment should be swift, certain, and proportionate. Q39. Which classical theorist argued that individuals have free will to choose whether to commit deviance? A. Emile Durkheim B. Robert Merton C. Travis Hirschi D. Cesare Beccaria Answer: D. Cesare Beccaria Explanation: Cesare Beccaria, a classical theorist, emphasized that individuals have free will and make rational choices to commit deviant acts based on their assessment of the potential benefits and consequences. Q40. Which concept refers to the moral guidelines that regulate individual behavior in society? A. Anomie B. Social Control C. Norms D. Labeling Answer: C. Norms Explanation: Norms are the moral guidelines and rules that regulate individual behavior within a society, defining what is considered acceptable and unacceptable. Q41. According to Classical Theory, what role does the legal system play in regulating deviant behavior? A. Rehabilitating offenders B. Enforcing moral standards through punishment C. Promoting social change D. Ignoring minor offenses Answer: B. Enforcing moral standards through punishment Explanation: Classical Theory views the legal system as a mechanism to enforce moral standards by applying punishment to those who violate laws, thereby maintaining social order.
Q42. What term describes the weakening of societal norms and the resulting instability? A. Strain B. Anomie C. Deviance D. Conformity Answer: B. Anomie Explanation: Anomie refers to a state where societal norms are weakened or unclear, leading to instability and potentially increasing deviant behavior. Q43. Which of the following is a criticism of Classical Theory? A. It ignores the role of social structures B. It overemphasizes biological factors C. It assumes individuals always act rationally D. It neglects the influence of peer groups Answer: C. It assumes individuals always act rationally Explanation: A common criticism of Classical Theory is that it assumes individuals always act rationally and make conscious choices, ignoring emotional, psychological, and social factors that may influence behavior. Q44. In Strain Theory, what does the mode "innovation" refer to? A. Strict adherence to societal norms B. Rejection of both societal goals and means C. Acceptance of societal goals but use of illegitimate means D. Ritualistic adherence to norms without aiming for societal goals Answer: C. Acceptance of societal goals but use of illegitimate means Explanation: In Merton's Strain Theory, "innovation" refers to individuals accepting societal goals but using illegitimate or unconventional means to achieve them, often leading to deviance. Q45. Which classical theorist is known for advocating for the abolition of the death penalty? A. Robert Merton B. Cesare Beccaria C. Emile Durkheim D. Travis Hirschi
Q49. What does the "certainty" aspect in deterrence theory refer to? A. The punishment must be severe B. The punishment must be inevitable if deviance occurs C. The punishment must be publicized D. The punishment must be rehabilitative Answer: B. The punishment must be inevitable if deviance occurs Explanation: In deterrence theory, "certainty" refers to the likelihood that a deviant act will be caught and punished, which is a more effective deterrent than the severity of the punishment. Q50. Which mode of adaptation in Strain Theory involves rejecting both societal goals and means? A. Conformity B. Innovation C. Ritualism D. Rebellion Answer: D. Rebellion Explanation: In Merton's Strain Theory, "rebellion" involves rejecting both the societal goals and the means of achieving them, often advocating for new goals and new means. Q51. What is the main assumption of Classical Theory regarding human nature? A. Humans are inherently good B. Humans are inherently irrational C. Humans are rational beings D. Humans are controlled by social structures Answer: C. Humans are rational beings Explanation: Classical Theory is based on the assumption that humans are rational beings who make conscious choices to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Q52. Which classical theorist emphasized the importance of proportionate punishment? A. Jeremy Bentham B. Cesare Beccaria C. Robert Merton D. Emile Durkheim
Answer: B. Cesare Beccaria Explanation: Cesare Beccaria advocated for punishment to be proportionate to the offense, arguing against excessive or cruel punishments. Q53. According to Classical Theory, what is the primary purpose of punishment? A. To rehabilitate the offender B. To deter the offender and others from future deviance C. To express societal outrage D. To provide retribution Answer: B. To deter the offender and others from future deviance Explanation: Classical Theory views punishment primarily as a means to deter both the individual offender and others in society from committing future deviant acts. Q54. Which of the following best represents a Classical Theory perspective on crime? A. Crime results from social inequalities B. Crime is learned through association C. Crime is a result of rational choice D. Crime is due to psychological factors Answer: C. Crime is a result of rational choice Explanation: Classical Theory posits that crime is the result of rational choice, where individuals weigh the benefits and consequences before engaging in deviant acts. Q55. How does Classical Theory explain white-collar crime? A. Through rational decision-making by individuals B. By societal pressures and strain C. As a result of learned behavior D. Due to lack of social bonds Answer: A. Through rational decision-making by individuals Explanation: Classical Theory explains white-collar crime as a result of rational decision-making, where individuals in positions of power choose to engage in illegal activities after weighing the potential rewards against the risks.
Answer: C. It is predictable through rational choice Explanation: Classical Theory suggests that deviant behavior is predictable through rational choice, as individuals make conscious decisions based on perceived rewards and punishments. Q60. How does Classical Theory view the relationship between laws and morality? A. They are completely separate B. Laws are a reflection of moral standards C. Morality is irrelevant to laws D. Laws are more important than morality Answer: B. Laws are a reflection of moral standards Explanation: Classical Theory views laws as a reflection of society's moral standards, enforcing what is considered right and prohibiting what is deemed wrong. Q61. Which classical theorist is known for the "hedonic principle"? A. Cesare Beccaria B. Jeremy Bentham C. Robert Merton D. Emile Durkheim Answer: B. Jeremy Bentham Explanation: Jeremy Bentham introduced the "hedonic principle," which suggests that individuals seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, influencing their decision to engage in or refrain from deviant behavior. Q62. What does the "hedonic principle" imply about human behavior? A. It is solely influenced by social structures B. It is driven by unconscious motives C. It seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain D. It is predetermined by genetics Answer: C. It seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain Explanation: The hedonic principle implies that humans are motivated by the desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, guiding their choices and behaviors, including deviant actions.
Q63. According to Classical Theory, what factor is most important in preventing deviance? A. Harsh punishments B. High likelihood of being caught C. Social bonds D. Economic opportunities Answer: B. High likelihood of being caught Explanation: Classical Theory emphasizes that increasing the certainty of punishment (i.e., a high likelihood of being caught) is more effective in preventing deviance than merely increasing the severity of punishment. Q64. Which Classical Theory principle is concerned with the appropriate use of punishment? A. Utility B. Proportionality C. General deterrence D. Specific deterrence Answer: B. Proportionality Explanation: Proportionality refers to the principle that the punishment should be proportionate to the severity of the crime, ensuring fairness and justice in the application of penalties. Q65. What is a key limitation of Classical Theory in explaining deviant behavior? A. It overemphasizes social structures B. It ignores individual choice C. It fails to account for the influence of social bonds D. It neglects the role of rationality Answer: C. It fails to account for the influence of social bonds Explanation: A key limitation of Classical Theory is that it does not adequately account for the role of social bonds and relationships in preventing deviant behavior, focusing instead on individual rational choice. Q66. Which Classical Theory concept involves making laws clear and understandable to ensure compliance? A. Severity B. Certainty C. Celerity D. Proportionality
3. THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR: II CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES (QUESTIONS 70-100)
Q70. Which contemporary theory focuses on how societal reactions label certain behaviors as deviant? A. Strain Theory B. Labeling Theory C. Social Learning Theory D. Control Theory Answer: B. Labeling Theory Explanation: Labeling Theory examines how societal reactions and labels (e.g., "deviant," "criminal") influence individuals' self-identity and can lead to further deviant behavior. Q71. According to Social Learning Theory, deviant behavior is learned through: A. Biological factors B. Rational choice C. Interaction and imitation D. Lack of social bonds Answer: C. Interaction and imitation Explanation: Social Learning Theory posits that individuals learn deviant behavior through interactions with others, observing and imitating their actions. Q72. Which theory suggests that strong social bonds prevent individuals from engaging in deviant behavior? A. Strain Theory B. Social Control Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Differential Association Theory Answer: B. Social Control Theory Explanation: Social Control Theory, developed by Travis Hirschi, argues that strong social bonds (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief) deter individuals from engaging in deviant behavior. Q73. What does Differential Association Theory propose as the primary source of deviant behavior? A. Biological predispositions B. Societal strain
C. Learning from others D. Lack of self-control Answer: C. Learning from others Explanation: Differential Association Theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland, suggests that deviant behavior is learned through interaction with others who communicate values, attitudes, and techniques conducive to deviance. Q74. Which contemporary perspective emphasizes the role of power and inequality in defining deviance? A. Functionalism B. Conflict Theory C. Symbolic Interactionism D. Rational Choice Theory Answer: B. Conflict Theory Explanation: Conflict Theory highlights how power and inequality influence which behaviors are labeled as deviant, often serving the interests of those in power. Q75. Which theory integrates elements of both strain and control theories to explain deviance? A. Labeling Theory B. Social Learning Theory C. General Strain Theory D. Self-Control Theory Answer: C. General Strain Theory Explanation: General Strain Theory, developed by Robert Agnew, extends Strain Theory by incorporating elements from control theories, suggesting that strain leads to deviance when individuals lack effective coping mechanisms. Q76. What is the main focus of Self-Control Theory in explaining deviant behavior? A. Social bonds B. Differential associations C. Individual's ability to resist impulses D. Societal labels Answer: C. Individual's ability to resist impulses
Q80. What does the concept of "secondary deviance" refer to in Labeling Theory? A. Minor rule-breaking B. Initial deviant acts C. Deviance resulting from societal reaction D. Biological predisposition to deviance Answer: C. Deviance resulting from societal reaction Explanation: Secondary deviance refers to deviant behavior that emerges after an individual has been labeled as deviant by society, often as a response to the stigma and limited opportunities resulting from the label. Q81. According to Conflict Theory, laws are created primarily to: A. Protect society from harmful behavior B. Reflect universal moral standards C. Serve the interests of the powerful D. Maintain social order Answer: C. Serve the interests of the powerful Explanation: Conflict Theory asserts that laws and definitions of deviance are shaped by those in power to maintain their interests and control over resources, often marginalizing less powerful groups. Q82. Which contemporary perspective emphasizes the role of media in shaping perceptions of deviance? A. Symbolic Interactionism B. Conflict Theory C. Social Learning Theory D. Labeling Theory Answer: A. Symbolic Interactionism Explanation: Symbolic Interactionism explores how media representations influence societal perceptions of deviance by shaping the symbols and meanings associated with certain behaviors and groups. Q83. What does the term "moral panic" refer to in the study of deviant behavior? A. A widespread fear of moral decay B. An individual's internal struggle with morality C. The gradual acceptance of deviant behavior D. The official response to deviance
Answer: A. A widespread fear of moral decay Explanation: Moral panic refers to a situation where a person, group, or behavior is perceived as a threat to societal values and interests, often exaggerated by media and public discourse. Q84. Which theory focuses on the role of power and social inequality in the definition and enforcement of deviance? A. Social Learning Theory B. Strain Theory C. Conflict Theory D. Control Theory Answer: C. Conflict Theory Explanation: Conflict Theory examines how power dynamics and social inequalities influence which behaviors are labeled as deviant and how laws are enforced, often privileging the interests of the powerful. Q85. According to General Strain Theory, what types of strain can lead to deviant behavior? A. Only economic strain B. Only interpersonal strain C. Both economic and non-economic strain D. Strain does not lead to deviance Answer: C. Both economic and non-economic strain Explanation: General Strain Theory posits that various forms of strain, including economic hardship, loss of status, or interpersonal conflicts, can lead to negative emotions and increase the likelihood of deviant behavior. Q86. Which contemporary theory emphasizes that deviance is a result of individuals' failure to conform to societal norms due to weak bonds? A. Control Theory B. Strain Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Social Learning Theory Answer: A. Control Theory Explanation: Control Theory, particularly Social Bonding Theory, suggests that deviance occurs when individuals have weak or broken bonds to society's norms, reducing their restraint against engaging in deviant acts.