Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research, Lecture notes of English

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Qualitative VS Quantitative

Research

P r a c ti c a l Re s e a r c h 1 : MS. MARY JADE C. JAKOSALEM

single reality vs. multiple realities

establishing relationships and explaining

cause of correlation vs. understanding

situations in a participant’s perspective

pre-established design vs. emerging

design

detached researcher vs. immersed

researcher

to generalize vs. to assess applicability

CHARACTERISTICS

11 33 22 44 55

Quantitati

ve

VS

Qualitative

▷ It is a form of a social inquiry that focuses on the

way people interpret and make sense of their

experiences and the world in which they live

(Holloway, 1997).

▷ It aims to investigate the meaning of social

phenomena as experienced by the people

themselves (Malterud, 2001).

▷ It involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach

to its subject matter. This means that the

researchers study things in their natural settings

(Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS, 2004).

What is Qualitative Research?

Qualitative Research

Designs

Studying an

entire culture

Provide a theory behind events

Focuses on people’s

experiences

Ethnography

Phenomen

ology

Historical

Approach

Grounded Theory

Case

Study

Reporting events/conditions that occurred in the past Focuses on a specific individual or context

Qualitative Research

Designs

Ethnographic

Research

Studies people in their natural environment. It is a descriptive account of social life and culture within a defined social system. Participant Observation is the most common approach. The researcher becomes immersed in the culture as an active participant. Rather than relying on interviews or surveys, researchers experience the environment first hand, and sometimes called as a participant observer. Example: A study of primate behavior in the wild measuring the amount of time an animal engaged in a specific behavior (BCPS, 2010)

Qualitative Research

Designs

Grounded Theory

Its main purpose is to generate, or discover, a theory. The theory is discovered, developed and provisionally verified through systematic data collection (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). It is an approach for looking systematically qualitative data (like transcripts of interviews or protocols of observations) aiming at the generation of theories. Originally developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. Example: Study on the personal control and emotional comfort of patients (Williams & Irurita, 2005)

Qualitative Research

Designs

Historical

Research

It describes and examines events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects. Employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events of the past. Historians use primary sources or evidences to research. Example: A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court on Philippine prisons

▷Itis a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from different sources. ▷It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. ▷The data collection tools for a quantitative research are surveys and experiments. (SIS International, 2018) What is Quantitativ e Research?

Quantitive Research

Its STRENGTHS and

WEAKNESSES

^ Precision of numbers ^ Level of significance (statistical) can be determined – that results are not due to chance alone ^ Sample is less prone to sampling bias ^ Error can be computed, e.g., sampling error ^ Inadequacy of numbers for total picture and depth of analysis ^ Less than 100% accuracy in sampling, instrument construction^ and administration ^ Assumptions in statistical methods

Quantitative Research

Designs

Descriptive

Research

Sometimes called survey research , it aims to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately A cross-sectional survey collects information from a sample coming from various groups that has been drawn from a predetermined population. Examples: What are the sleeping habits of SHS students in DLSAU? What factors affected the SHS track choice of SHS students?

Quantitative Research

Designs

Correlational

Research

aims to describe and measure the degree of association between two or more variables or sets of scores. Explanatory research design determines the extent to which two variables (or more) co- vary. Prediction research design seeks to identify variables that will predict an outcome or criterion. Examples: Does wearing school uniform have any relationship with students’ ability to participate? Is there a relationship between phone brand and Facebook usage among teens?

VARIABLE is a measurable characteristic that varies. It may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time. Variables

EXTRANEOUS INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT

DEPENDENT OR CRITERION VARIABLE

object of the study which is assumed to be the

effect of the independent variable.

INDEPENDENT OR VARIATE VARIABLE

assumed to be the determinant of the dependent

variable. It can either be manipulative or non-

manipulative.

Manipulative variable can be manipulated to determine its effect to the dependent variable. E.g. instructional methods The non manipulated is called the attribute variable which is not Types of^ changed but can still affect the dependent variable. E.g. sex, age Variables