EAPP Quarter2 Module 3.pdf, Exams of English

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English for Academic and Professional Purposes. - Grade 11- 12

Quarter 2 – Module 3: Writes various kinds of position papers.

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: GIOVANI T. VARGAS Editors: GINA B. PANTINO SONIA V. PRENSADER JOSALIE T. TONIO LORAINE T. CHIONG Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and Masbate City Division headed by JEANETTE ROMBLON Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL P. SARTE

Welcome to Module 3, Learner! After this module, you will only need to study six more lessons and you’ll be soon done with this awesome subject! What an amazing accomplishment! Congratulations in advance! In this module, you will be guided on how to write a position paper. Several learning concepts are prepared for you to have a clearer understanding of the lesson. Before you start browsing this module, may we please give you some reminders:

• Explore the module at your own pace. Allot considerable time so that you will be able to cover the concepts included in this module.
• The lessons are self-taught. In case you find some of the concepts difficult or confusing, you can do additional or supplemental readings using whatever resources possible.
• Do not hesitate to ask for help if the lessons appear to be complicated.
• There are checkpoints on each of the learning concepts. Those were designed to ensure better understanding before proceeding to the next lesson. We are expecting that you will take those short assessments seriously. Be honest with your answers.
• Carefully read the directions to avoid confusion and repetition.
• To have a more reliable output, you are encouraged to cite, explore some other resources available such as books, newspapers, articles, etc.
• Most importantly, enjoy studying! We are looking forward for your learnings on this module!

Below are the words you will encounter in the discussion in the next following pages. This section will help you unlock those words to better understand its context. By the end of this module, you should be able to: Writes various kinds of position papers.

• Position Paper: A formal, usually detailed written statement, especially regarding a single issue, that articulates a position, view point, or policy, as of government, organization, or political candidate.
• Argument: A process of reasoning; series of reasons; a statement, reason, or facts for or against a point.
• Opinion: A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
• Logical Appeal: Refers to a reasonable approach in developing an argument.
• Ethical Appeal: Refers to your credibility or believability and competence as a writer.
• Emotional Appeal: Uses arguments in a way that evokes or uncovers feelings.
• Fallacies: Errors in reasoning; a false or mistaken idea. Have you now fully understood the context of the words presented above? If Yes, Congratulations! You may now proceed to the next part of this module. If Not, take a little more time and revisit. You can definitely do it!

Definition and Purpose of Position Paper As a student, you are continuously taking sides and forming opinions on anything that involves them. However, defending your point by simply saying “because I think so”, won’t help you make a case. It is therefore important that you learn how to properly outline your thoughts and make valid argument. Learning Concept 1 Expresses a position, conclusion, or recommendation concerning a contested issue or undecided question. Presents an opinion and make a claim or stand about an issue. Position paper A stand supported by arguments and evidence.

A position paper presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue. Writing a position paper entails outlining arguments and proposing the course of action; by doing so, you are already taking part in a large debate. It is a more complex version of a persuasive essay, however, a position paper is not an essay, but it has a various parts just like the concept paper. It can be likened with a debate but the presentation of the arguments is in a written form. Presenting an argument implies that you are favoring one side of the issue. The primary goal of a position paper is to declare a “position” on a certain matter or an issue. Its secondary goal is to convince or persuade others to take that side of an issue or matter. Aside from this, you also have the power to change the opinions and attitude of others when you write a position paper. Because of this, a position paper can be essential tool in bringing about societal change. For example, if you do not agree with a certain issue or rule, you can write a position paper to reflect your point of view. Like a debate, a position paper presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides. Issue Criteria To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:

• Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
• Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?
• Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
• Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

INTRODUCTION

a) Analyze the source/quote: pull it apart sentence by sentence and explain the meaning of the source both in general terms and more specifically b) Identify the perspective the source/quote reflects: c) Explain your understanding of that ideology (discuss key underlying beliefs or political principles or economic principles) d) State your position. Do you agree with the ideological perspective or not? NOTE: If taking a qualified position, state it clearly and precisely. II. BODY a) Explain your first reason to support your position b) Factual, relevant and accurate evidence to prove your first argument c) Explain your second argument/reason d) Factual, relevant and accurate evidence to prove your second argument e) Explain your third argument/reason f) Factual, relevant and accurate evidence to prove your last argument NOTE: In General, the strongest/best argument should be the last. Others would advise the first argument by the strongest/best; never the middle argument. III.CONCLUSION (Summarize, restate in a forceful manner your position) NOTE: Please remember that the conclusion should not merely be a brief repetition of your results – in that case your discussion would seem fairly pointless. Focus instead on what your results may imply after careful consideration (consideration that you have outlined in your discussion). Sample Outline I. Introduction ___A. Introduce the topic ___B. Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important ___C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). More on thesis statements can be found below. Your introduction has a dual purpose: to indicate both the topic and your approach to it (your thesis statement), and to arouse your reader’s interest in what you have to say. One effective way of introducing a topic is to place it in context – to supply a kind of backdrop that will put it in perspective. You should discuss the area into which your topic fits, and then gradually lead into your specific field of discussion (re: your thesis statement). II. Counter Argument ___A. Summarize the counterclaims ___B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims ___C. Refute the counterclaims ___D. Give evidence for argument You can generate counterarguments by asking yourself what someone who disagrees with you might say about each of the points you've made or about your position as a whole. Once

you have thought up some counterarguments, consider how you will respond to them--will you concede that your opponent has a point but explain why your audience should nonetheless accept your argument? Will you reject the counterargument and explain why it is mistaken? Either way, you will want to leave your reader with a sense that your argument is stronger than opposing arguments. When you are summarizing opposing arguments, be charitable. Present each argument fairly and objectively, rather than trying to make it look foolish. You want to show that you have seriously considered the many sides of the issue, and that you are not simply attacking or mocking your opponents. It is usually better to consider one or two serious counterarguments in some depth, rather than to give a long but superficial list of many different counterarguments and replies. Be sure that your reply is consistent with your original argument. If considering a counterargument changes your position, you will need to go back and revise your original argument accordingly. III. Your Argument ___A. Assert point #1 of your claims _____1. Give your educated and informed opinion _____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three) ___B. Assert point #2 of your claims _____1. Give your educated and informed opinion _____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three) ___C. Assert point #3 of your claims _____1. Give your educated and informed opinion _____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three) You may have more than 3 overall points to your argument, but you should not have fewer. IV. Conclusion ___A. Restate your argument ___B. Provide a plan of action but do not introduce new information The simplest and most basic conclusion is one that restates the thesis in different words and then discusses its implications.

Guidelines on Writing a Position Paper

1. Choose an issue. When choosing one, keep the following guidelines in mind.
   • The issue should be debatable because you won’t be able to make a stand if the topic is not debatable.
   • The issue should be current or relevant.
   • The issue should be written in a question from and answerable by yes or no.
   • The issue should be narrow and manageable.
2. Begin the writing process by conducting an in-depth research on the issue.
3. Make sure to define unfamiliar terms when you first mention them.
4. Be aware of the various positions about the issue and explain and analyze them objectively.
5. Reflect on your position and identify its weaknesses.
6. Cite valid and reliable sources (3 or more) to establish the credibility of your arguments.
7. View the issue in a different perspective so you can present unique approach.
8. Limit your position paper in two pages.
9. Analyze your target readers and align your arguments to their beliefs, needs, interests, and motivations.
10. Summarize the other side’s counterarguments and use various evidence and data to refute them.
11. Use an active voice as much as possible to achieve dynamic and firm one.
12. Arrange your evidence logically using an inductive or deductive approach.
13. Check your argument for fallacies and eliminate them. Fallacies, or errors in reasoning weaken your argument.
14. Use ethical, logical, and emotional appeal. An ethical appeal relates to your credibility and competence as a writer; a logical appeal refers to a rational approach in developing an argument; while an emotional appeal uses arguments in a way that evokes feelings. Guidelines Issue perspective Analyze fallacy appeal research argue citation logical 2 pages voice Vocabulary evidence Weakness Learning Concept 23

Writing with style and clarity Many students make the mistake of thinking that the content of their paper is all that matters. Although the content is important, it will not mean much if the reader can’t understand what you are trying to say. You may have some great ideas in your paper but if you cannot effectively communicate them, you will not receive a very good mark. Keep the following in mind when writing your paper: Diction Diction refers to the choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in your essay, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; and language. There is often a tendency for students to use fancy words and extravagant images in hopes that it will make them sound more intelligent when in fact the result is a confusing mess. Although this approach can sometimes be effective, it is advisable that you choose clear words and be as precise in the expression of your ideas as possible. Paragraphs Creating clear paragraphs is essential. Paragraphs come in so many sizes and patterns that no single formula could possibly cover them all. The two basic principles to remember are these:

1. A paragraph is a means of developing and framing an idea or impression. As a general rule, you should address only one major idea per paragraph.
2. The divisions between paragraphs aren’t random, but indicate a shift in focus. In other words you must carefully and clearly organize the order of your paragraphs so that they are logically positioned throughout your paper. Transitions will help you with this. Transitions In academic writing your goal is to convey information clearly and concisely, if not to convert the reader to your way of thinking. Transitions help you to achieve these goals by establishing logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your papers. In other words, transitions tell readers what to do with the information you present them. Whether single words, quick phrases or full sentences, they function as signs for readers that tell them how to think about, organize, and react to old and new ideas as they read through what you have written. Transitions signal relationships between ideas. Basically, transitions provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument. They are words with particular meanings that tell the reader to think and react in a particular way to your ideas. In providing the reader with these important cues, transitions help readers understand the logic of how your ideas fit together.

1. What structure of academic text do we follow in writing a position paper? One-paragraph structure essay Two-paragraph structure essay Three-paragraph structure IMRaD Now that you are able to complete the different learning concepts, let’s practice what you have learned. ISSUE/PROBLEM Example: Passage of Anti-terror Law

YOUR OPINION

Example: I am not in favor because it violates basic human rights such as the right to free speech, etc.

Direction : Underline the correct answer from the choices given to answer the following questions. Directions. Think of three problems that surround the Philippines’ society today. Enumerate these problems on the space provided on the left side of the chart below. And then, write the opinion about each of them in a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.

2. In which part of the essay do we write the action plan or recommendation of the position paper? Title page Introduction Body Conclusion
3. Which of the following does NOT include in the introduction of the position paper? Counter-argument Background of the topic Importance of the topic Thesis of the position paper
4. Which part of the position paper you "refute" the counterclaim? Introduction Conclusion Your argument Counter argument
5. Which part of the position paper that you have to restate the main points and final comment? Introduction Body: Counter Argument Body: Your Argument Conclusion
6. How many main points can be written in the body of the position paper? One main point Two main points Three main points Four main points
7. How many sources will you have to provide in supporting your assertions? One source Two sources Three sources No need of any source
8. What is the ideal minimum number of paragraphs in a position paper? Two paragraphs Three paragraphs Four paragraphs Five paragraphs

DIRECTIONS: From the list of issues/topics enumerated below, compose ONE position paper by taking a stand. You are given the privilege to choose the position on the issue, whichever is closer to your heart. In a separate sheet of paper, write your position paper. Your position paper will be rated based on the rubrics that we use on the “Optional Task.” Please remember the guidelines that we discussed in the previous pages. TOPIC ISSUE PROBLEM ABS-CBN Franchise Application Franchise Denial of ABS- CBN Network Are you in favor of the decision of the 70 Congressmen to deny ABS-CBN’s application for franchise? ROTC in the K- 12 Curriculum Inclusion of ROTC as one of the subjects for Senior High School Students Is there a need for the inclusion of ROTC in the curriculum of Senior High School Program? COVID-19 Pandemic Government’s response to COVID-19 Pandemic Are you satisfied with the way the government responded to the health crisis brought upon by the highly contagious COVID- 19? Opening of Classes DepEd’s Readiness for School Year 2020- 2021 Based on your own perception, is the department ready to facilitate the opening of classes for School Year 2020 - 2021?

Assignment TOPIC 1: ___________________________________________________ Issue: ___________________________________________________ Problem: __________________________________________________________________ Thesis Statement:

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TOPIC 2: ___________________________________________________ Issue: ___________________________________________________ Problem: __________________________________________________________________ Thesis Statement:

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____________________________________________________________. TOPIC 3: ___________________________________________________ Issue: ___________________________________________________ Problem:__________________________________________________________________ Thesis Statement:

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____________________________________________________________. DIRECTIONS: From the list of Topics listed in the Post-Test section, write theses statements showing your position on the other three issues that you did not select. Write your answers in your notebook.