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7 dimensions of ABA (Applied Behavioral
Analysis)
Generality Effectiveness Technological Analytic Conceptually Systematic Behavioral Applied TERM 2
Generality
DEFINITION 2 Interventions produce generalized behavior change - duration across time, spread to other behaviors, and settings
- extension of behavior changes across time, settings and behavior. TERM 3
Effective(ness)
DEFINITION 3 interventions result in socially important behavior change - statistical significance: size of change unlikely due to change
- clinical significance: size of change meaningful to client ex: reduce chance of death, difference between A+ and A-, not much between D and D- TERM 4
Technological
DEFINITION 4 all procedures ID and clearly described--so trained readers can replicate procedure and results -contingencies described for R, not R, and alt R. TERM 5
Analytic
DEFINITION 5 focus on demonstration of functional relation - demonstration of events responsible for occurrence or nonoccurence of that behavior---ability of turn off/on, up or down at will.
Conceptually Systematic
procedures are tied to their underlying principles - outcome will have: organized technology (science) of behavior change TERM 7
Behavioral
DEFINITION 7 focus on direct measure of observable events/action (behavior) - say vs doing -observer reliability -changes in experimenter behavior TERM 8
Applied
DEFINITION 8 focus on behaviors having social significant - TERM 9
Pavlov
DEFINITION 9 discovered respondent conditioning (dog and salivation), digestive reflexes ---Transitional Research: experimental neuroses TERM 10
Watson
DEFINITION 10 extended work on reflex, experimental neuroses - Little albert, coined "behaviorism" - observable behavior should be psychology -all behavior controlled by environment events - started behaviorism movement
confounding variable
- source of influence other than INDEPENDENT VARIABLE that may produce changes in the DEPENDENT VARIABLE TERM 17
experimental design
DEFINITION 17 -rules for applying an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE to examine its effects on DEPENDENT VARIABLE TERM 18
(Types of Experimental Designs) AB design
DEFINITION 18 **single introduction of at least one IV on at least one BL - repeated measurement under AB for change in level, trend and variability; - limit: no replication --> can't rule out influence of confounding variables--> no demonstration of functional relation TERM 19
Reversal Design
DEFINITION 19
- introduction and removal of at least one INDEPENDENT VARIABLE on one BL -simple but demonstrates experimental control - limits: - detrimental effects of reversal - ethical consideration - irreversibility - can't produce same observed effects though conditions are the same - consequence/order effect: influence of previous manipulation on responding in a lter condition TERM 20
Multiple Baseline Design
DEFINITION 20 sequential introduction of an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE across more than one BL - across subject, behaviors, settings - doesn't require reversal to show experimental control - limit:
- stability requirement more cumbersome than with reversal designs - potential generalization across baselines ( behaviors or settings)
Multielement Design (Alternating treatments)
rapid alternation of BL and INDEPENDENT VARIABLE conditions ( or more) on single BL - advantages: doesn't require BL - accommodates trends and instability - minimizes sequence effects (limit exposure to one condition) - ideally suited to complex analyses ( parametric, component, comparative) - limit: multiple treatment interference TERM 22
Changing Criterion design
DEFINITION 22 introduction of one INDEPENDENT VARIABLE on single BL in step- wise fashion, steps corresponding to progressive changes in either response requirement or value of IV - advantages: no reversal or additional BL required to show experimental control - disadvantages :requires control over both direction and level of change - requires careful selection of criterion change, potential generalization TERM 23
Baseline
DEFINITION 23 condition in effect prior to introduction of INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TERM 24
Replication
DEFINITION 24 duplication of earlier conditions in an experiment TERM 25
Positive Reinforcement
DEFINITION 25
automatic
reinforcement
- source of reinforcement - reinforcement directly produced by response TERM 32
social
reinforcement
DEFINITION 32
- source of reinforcement - reinforcement delivered by an agent (person--other ppl) TERM 33
generalization
DEFINITION 33 substitutable for other reinforcers--> supports numerous behaviors -Money in token stimulus because money acts reinforcers TERM 34
Establishing operations (EO) "determinants of
reinforcement effects: antecedent events"
DEFINITION 34 events that change the value of stimulus as a reinforcer - different from discriminitive stimulus b/c need no previous pairing ex: food - antecedent events that - alters effectiveness of a given reinforcer and - increases behavior that has produced that form of reinforcement in the past - deprivation: typical EO for behavior maintained by Sr+ - aversive stimulation: typical EO for behavior maintained by Sr- TERM 35
satiation
DEFINITION 35 stimulus less potent as reinforcer. ----- loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer ex: had recently consumed reinforcer (food)
Methods of Behavioral assessment: indirect
assessment
- relies on info of problem behavior, antecedents and consequences is not from direct observation but from retrospective report in interviews and questionnaires from others strength: simplicity weakness: subjectivity (questionable reliability and validity) TERM 37
direct assessment
DEFINITION 37 involve observation and recording of behavior as it occurs and of antecedents and consequences of the behavior under naturalistic conditions strength: provides objective, quantitative data weakness: correlation only, no function TERM 38
functional assessment
DEFINITION 38
- function behavior of DV and IV - process of generating info on antecedent events and following behavior in apptempt to determine which antecedent and consequences are reliably associated with the occurrence of the behaivor. includes indirect assessment through interviews and Qs, and consequences in natural environment and functional analysis methods involving the manipulation of environmental events. TERM 39
functional analysis
DEFINITION 39
- a functional assessment method where environmental events (antecedents and consequences of the behavior) are manipulated to demonstrate a functional relationship between the environmental events and the behavior. -identification of functional relations through manipulation of suspected controlling variables strength: ID functional relationships b/t env and behavior weakness: complexity TERM 40
extinction
DEFINITION 40 -discontinuation of reinforcement for a behavior, leading to decrease in its frequency -extinction burst: initial increase in some dimension of R (usually frequency or intensity) extinction induced phenomena: initial increase in other responses during extinction (emotional or other behaviors that have produced similar reinforcement in the past, aggression) spontaneous recovery: temporary reappearance of R following EXT
extinction maintained by negative
reinforcement
do not terminate ongoing stimulation (prevent escape) do not delay presentation of stimulation (prevent avoidance)' ***aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behavior TERM 47
extinction maintained by automatic
reinforcement
DEFINITION 47 modify source of stimulation so that R does not produce it ex: continually flips on and off the lights-- disable the switch modify effect of stimulation through distortion ex: drug habit --- modify some feature of R so it no longer produces Sr TERM 48
stimulus control
DEFINITION 48 process by which 1) an antecedent event 2) exerts control over behavior through 3) differential pairing with consequences for responding - behavior more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus was present TERM 49
discriminative stimulus (SD) and S-delta
DEFINITION 49 a stimulus in whose presence there is an increased likelihood of reinforcement fore responding or a stimulus that does not occasion responding due to its lack of pairing with reinforcement S-delta: is reversal of SD; any antecedent stimulus present when behavior is not reinforced --- antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced TERM 50
stimulus discrimination (tight stimulus
control)
DEFINITION 50 absence of responding in presence of stimuli different than those paired with reinforcement (subj discriminates difference b/t stimuli)
stimulus generalization (loose stimulus
control)
- occurrence of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to these paired with reinforcement (subj does not discriminate, subj's responding generalizes across stimuli) TERM 52
SD vs. EO: similarity and difference
DEFINITION 52 similarity: both are antecedent events - both occasion increase in R difference: - EO occasions R because Sr more potent in the presence of EO - SD occasions R because Sr more probable in the presence of SD (due to previous pairing with Sr) -- reinf more lily to occur in SD -- SD will only increase R if EO is present TERM 53
Positive Punishment
DEFINITION 53 behavior--> presentation of aversive stimulus --> less likely to occur in future TERM 54
Negative punishment
DEFINITION 54 behavior--> removal of reinforcing stimulus --> less likely to occur TERM 55
side effects of punishment
DEFINITION 55
- effects on client's behavior (indirect effects) -generalized suppression; suppression of nontarget R - punishment-induced aggression or "emotional" behavior - increase in escape behaavior, EO for escape - increased sensitivity to reinforcement for alt R - effects on agent's behavior (negative reinforcement) - punishment may be dangerous (negative reinforcement) -socially objectable
generalized reinforcement: Token
tokens substitute for a VARIETY of backeup reinforcers and are not dependent on specific devrivation states (EOs) deprived of tokens, make tokens more valuable. TERM 62
Self-management
DEFINITION 62 alter SD : add supplement weak SD for R+ with stronger one restrict: avoid SD for R- alter EO; make Sr for R+ more valuable restrict: make Sr for R- less valuable alter response effort: inc/decrease successive approximation to R manipulate early response in a chain: early or refraim R+/- when SD or Eo present TERM 63
chaining
DEFINITION 63 Eo to SD or sequence of R. then get Sr. forward, backward, total task TERM 64
Shaping
DEFINITION 64 modification of response topography(novel, new behavior, change dimension) through DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT of successive approximation to a target behavior. and EXTINCTION TERM 65
Respondent conditioning
DEFINITION 65 US > UR NS+US> UR CS>CR
Differential reinforcement of other Behavior
DRO
schedule where reinforcement is delivered for NONOCCURENCE OF TARGET BEHAVIOR(problem behavior) TERM 67
Differential reinforcement of Alternative
Behavior DRA
DEFINITION 67
- schedule where reinforcement is delivered for the OCCURRENCE OF AN ALTERNATIVE R TERM 68
Schedule of
reinforcement
DEFINITION 68 Ratio Interval (high R) (moderate R rate) fixed FR FI (irregular R) "break and run" scallop post response pause variable VR VI (stable R)
