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General Purpose Computers - Microcontroller Systems - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microcontrollers

AMET UniversityMicrocontrollers

In the class of computer sciences, we have a special class for the Microcontroller Systems. The main points in these slides are:General Purpose Computers, Address Bus, Embedded Systems, Programmable Thermostat, Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, Field-Programmable Gate Array, Spectrum of Hardware Solutions, Generic Microcontroller

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 04/24/2013

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General Purpose Computers
•Microcomputers are computers based on microprocessors
–General purpose microcomputers
• PC’s, Macs, etc.
–Generally require a large amount of
support circuitry
•Memory, communications, I/O, keyboard,display...
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Download General Purpose Computers - Microcontroller Systems - Lecture Slides and more Slides Microcontrollers in PDF only on Docsity!

General Purpose Computers

  • Microcomputers are computers based on microprocessors
    • General purpose microcomputers
      • PC’s, Macs, etc.
    • Generally require a large amount of support circuitry - Memory, communications, I/O, keyboard,display...

Inside a General Purpose Computer

CPU RAM ROM^

PCI Bus Bridge Address Bus Data Bus PCI Bus Clock, Reset circuitry Control Bus Real-time Clock Disk Controller Disk Interface Video Memory Video Display Controller Serial Interface Parallel Interface

Keyboard/ Mouse Controller

Embedded Systems

  • Embedded Systems are small, special-purpose computer systems
    • Rocket guidance systems
    • Toaster control systems
    • Handheld electronics
    • Toys
  • Only the necessary parts are included
  • Cheaper, smaller
  • Simpler --> more reliable?

Needs of Typical Embedded Systems

  • Consider the following embedded systems:
    • Programmable thermostat
    • Blood Glucose Meter
    • iPod Touch ™
    • Automobile System Controller
  • Single-purpose
  • Small
  • Inexpensive
  • Reduced computation needs (most of the time)
  • Special interfaces
  • Lightweight (often hand held)

Why PCs Aren’t Practical for Everything

  • What does it take to build a blood glucose meter using a typical PC microprocessor? - 1 Intel/AMD/other CPU - Dynamic RAM, controller - ROM (one or two chips) for program - Real-time clock - LCD panel - Serial interface ports, drivers - A/D Converter - Random support chips (five or six chips)
  • This is going to take around 5+ chips, use > 100 W, and cost > $400.

ASICs: The Other End of the Spectrum

  • Since consumer electronics are made to do one thing, we should just be able to hardwire a solution!
  • Construct an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)
    • Custom chip that does a single thing, but does it VERY well!
    • Very little need for software support
  • Downside: making a custom mask will cost you a fortune
    • Lots of engineering design time
    • At least $10,000 up front to make a mask
    • $$$ to reserve time in the fab (or build your own fab)

The Spectrum of Hardware/Software Solutions

Why Consumer Electronics make Money

  • A Microcontroller is a small CPU with support devices built into the chip
    • Small CPU
    • Small ROM
    • RAM, EEPROM
    • Parallel ports
    • RS232 ports
    • A/D Converter
    • Timer
  • Typically, a microcontroller uses little power and costs $0.50 to $100.

Embedded Systems

Definition:

  • Dedicated to controlling a specific real-time device or function
  • Self-starting, not requiring human intervention to begin. The user cannot tell if the system is controlled by a microprocessor or by dedicated hardware (or magic!)
  • Self-contained, with the operating program in some kind of non-volatile memory

How are things controlled?

  • Switches
    • Switches can be used to switch things on or off e.g. lights can be on or off
    • They can also be used to switch between values e.g a heater can be set

to a number of values

  • Sensors
    • Sensors can tell if something is on or off
    • Sensors can tell you the value of something e.g. temperature
  • Timers
    • Timers can control the duration of other activities, such as how long a light

is on, or the time between ADC samples

  • Analog controllers
    • Things such as voltage can be set for analog devices such as motors