IAED EMD Course------------------IAED EMD Course, Exams of Advanced Education

IAED EMD Course-----------------IAED EMD Course

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 02/16/2026

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IAED EMD Course
Common Misconceptions About EMDs - correct answer 1. Callers are too upset to
provide accurate and useful responses to the EMD
2. Callers would not be able to provide the EMD with required information that is
necessary to effectively dispatch emergency medical resources
3. The medical expertise required for effective emergency medical dispatch is not
important, therefore public safety officials should use non-EMD dispatchers to
dispatch resources
4. All EMS calls will be answered "lights and sirens"
5. The EMD is too busy dispatching to worry about asking all those questions, to
provide instructions or use their protocol cards (EMDPRS)
6. Medical advice (provided over the phone) cannot help patients and could actually
be dangerous
7. Using the EMDPRS increases the amount of time and resources required to
process a call
Attributes/Behaviors of the Successful EMD - correct answer - Helpful and
compassionate
- Handles the emotional stress involved in caller/patient crisis situations and clearly
guides callers in these situations
- Masters the skills, philosophy and knowledge of Emergency Medical Dispatch
- Effectively gathers information from callers, prioritizes that information and
consolidates that information in a useful format
- Assists other EMD personnel in reaching the patient's location
- Determines the nature of the medical emergency without diagnosing the medical
problem or condition
- Assists EMS personnel on the scene as requested by EMS personnel and avoid
making patient care decisions by long distance
- Reacts passively to hostile callers, making no judgements based on the caller's
demeanor or past experience with the caller
- Maintains confidentiality
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IAED EMD Course

Common Misconceptions About EMDs - correct answer 1. Callers are too upset to provide accurate and useful responses to the EMD

  1. Callers would not be able to provide the EMD with required information that is necessary to effectively dispatch emergency medical resources
  2. The medical expertise required for effective emergency medical dispatch is not important, therefore public safety officials should use non-EMD dispatchers to dispatch resources
  3. All EMS calls will be answered "lights and sirens"
  4. The EMD is too busy dispatching to worry about asking all those questions, to provide instructions or use their protocol cards (EMDPRS)
  5. Medical advice (provided over the phone) cannot help patients and could actually be dangerous
  6. Using the EMDPRS increases the amount of time and resources required to process a call Attributes/Behaviors of the Successful EMD - correct answer - Helpful and compassionate
  • Handles the emotional stress involved in caller/patient crisis situations and clearly guides callers in these situations
  • Masters the skills, philosophy and knowledge of Emergency Medical Dispatch
  • Effectively gathers information from callers, prioritizes that information and consolidates that information in a useful format
  • Assists other EMD personnel in reaching the patient's location
  • Determines the nature of the medical emergency without diagnosing the medical problem or condition
  • Assists EMS personnel on the scene as requested by EMS personnel and avoid making patient care decisions by long distance
  • Reacts passively to hostile callers, making no judgements based on the caller's demeanor or past experience with the caller
  • Maintains confidentiality

Three Phases of the Dispatch Function - correct answer Phase 1 - Call-Receiving Activities (Collect)

  • an E.M.D takes an incoming call and goes through an "initial survey" sequence
  • Where? What? How? Who? When? Phase 2 - Dispatch Activities (Dispatch)
  • EMD goes to proper protocol
  • Protocols give appropriate response mode
  • Established by local medical authority Phase 3 - Post-Dispatch Activities ( Provide)
  • EMD prepares caller for responding personnel and can be providing medical instructions as indicated by the E.M.D Guidecards Resources Commonly Found in an EMS System - correct answer 1. Basic Life Support (BLS)/ Advanced Life Support (ALS)
  1. Fire
  2. Police
  3. Hospitals/Emergency Care Facilities
  4. Other
  • These include hazardous materials units (aka "HAZMAT" ), Sexual AssauIt Centers, Hyperbaric Centers, Trauma Centers, Poison Control Centers, Burn Centers, Language Translator Services, etc. Tiered EMS System Structures (Not all systems have these tiers) - correct answer An EMS system with more than 1 level of response Tier 1 (First Responders)
  • Police and fire departments
  • Normally trained in BLS Tier 2 (Basic Life Support)
  • Transport ambulance
  • Normally staffed by EMTs
  1. Duty
  2. Breach of Duty
  3. Injury/Damage
  4. Proximate Cause/Causation
  • All 4 components must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt Two Types of Negligence - correct answer - Simple negligence - negligent conduct that was not purposeful or due to "malicious intent"
  • Gross negligence - a negligent action that was undertaken with malicious intent and with willful disregard for the safety of persons and/or property Standard of Care and Establishing it - correct answer The court generally uses four measures of conduct to determine the local "standard of care". These four measures are:
  1. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to others with similar training and experience
  2. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to locally approved protocols and guidelines
  3. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to local or state statutes, local ordinances, case law or administrative orders that address the standard of care
  1. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to professional standards published by organizations involved in the development of emergency medical service standards such as the National Academy of Emergency Medical Service Physicians (NAEMSP) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Abandonment - correct answer Leaving a patient after care has been initiated and before the patient has been transferred to someone with equal or greater medical training. Foreseeability - correct answer You must solely rely on the information you get from callers (you can't actually see what is happening at the scene) Detrimental Reliance - correct answer A person expects that a certain action will be taken based on the fact that it has been reported in the media ("it was done before

for other people"), public education or through simple reasonable expectation. If this action does not occur then the person can claim that they "relied" on the system to act in a certain way, and by doing so it ended up hurting them. Consent - correct answer Refers to permission to treat the sick or injured Two Types of Consent - correct answer - Implied consent - refers to situations where if patients are unconscious and can't respond, it is safe for us to assume that they would want to be helped

  • Actual Consent is direct verbal or non-verbal communication to someone giving aid. Immunity - correct answer - Bystander immunity
    • Good Samaritan Law
    • Not getting paid, acting in good faith, and not participating in negligence
  • Governmental immunity
    • Covered if you work for the state, municipal, or local agency
    • Not covered for third party Patient Confidentiality - correct answer Issues in confidentiality: You are expected to maintain confidentiality. Patients have the right to expect that any information they give you will be kept confidential. In terms of confidentiality, you:
  1. can't relate information about patient names
  2. can't talk about what the patient said
  3. can't talk about unusual behaviors that are not related to the medical condition unless danger exists (to responders)
  4. can't talk about aspects of a patient's lifestyle. Only information that is relevant to determine the proper medical response, related to scene safety, patient complaint and condition can be relayed. Avoiding Liability - correct answer In an effort to avoid liability, it must be approached at two levels- agency and individual. Remember, avoiding liability means being able to avoid being found liable in a court of law.

Seven Systems of The Body - correct answer ~ Nervous System ~ Circulatory System ~ Respiratory System ~ Digestive System ~ Musculoskeletal System ~ Genito-Urinary System ~Skin The Nervous System - correct answer The part of your body that controls all of your body functions and allows for interaction with the outside world through sensation The Nervous System is made of three smaller subsystems; the Central Nervous System, the Peripheral Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System - correct answer Each of these systems is described below

  1. The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and the spinal cord
  2. The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of motor and sensory nerves
  3. The Autonomic Nervous System is also made up of motor nerves, like the peripheral nervous system
    • It provides automatic and unconscious monitoring and regulation of internal body functions (like heartbeat, bronchial diameter, etc.) The Spinal Cord - correct answer The following may indicate a spinal cord injury:
  • Numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in any extremity
  • Motor dysfunction, paralysis, or inability to move extremities Any fall victim reported to be unconscious or with associated head or facial injuries should be assumed to have a spinal cord injury The Circulatory System - correct answer The circulatory system carries blood to and from all parts of the body. The blood takes nutrients and oxygen (02) to the cells of the body and takes carbon dioxide (C02) and other waste products from the cells for removal from the body. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, and blood

Arteries - correct answer - Carry oxygenated blood (blood that is carrying oxygen to cells) away from the heart to the body

  • Arteries have thick walls that expand and shrink as blood goes through them
  • They get smaller the further they get from the heart
  • Most arteries are protected from damage by being buried deep within the muscles or being protected by bones. If cut, arteries bleed a lot of bright red blood that comes out in "spurts" Veins - correct answer - Carry blood toward the heart -This blood has dropped its oxygen payload off for use by the cells and carries cell waste products and carbon dioxide away from the cells, to be eliminated from the body
  • Veins get larger as you get closer to the heart and do not expand or contract like arteries.
  • If cut, they too can bleed a lot.
  • However, this blood "flows" (not spurts) from the wound and is a dark red color. Capillaries - correct answer - Are thin-walled vessels.
  • Carry oxygenated blood from the arteries to the cells of the body and exchange it for carbon dioxide and other waste products made by the cells. Blood - correct answer - Made. of plasma
  • Red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the body
  • White blood cells fight diseases, and platelets are used to create clots. 95% of bleeding stops with direct pressure - correct answer An average person has 5-6 liters of blood in their body - correct answer Blood clotting takes 6-10 minutes - correct answer

Skin - correct answer - Outer covering of the body and largest organ of the body

  • Expels waste by sweat and converts the sun's energy into Vitamin D Two Parts of the Skin - correct answer - Epidermis - The layer of skin made up of cells
  • Dermis - The inner layer of skin. It is the thickest layer of the skin. The dermis is made up of connective tissue that contains nerves, sweat glands and blood vessels. Sensations like heat, cold, touch, etc. are felt through the nerves found here Larynx - correct answer Narrowest part of the respiratory system; aka "voice box" Illium, pubic symphysis, and iliac crest - correct answer Parts of the pelvis Tendons - correct answer connect muscles to bones heart, arteries, veins, capillaries - correct answer Four major parts of the circulatory system Central, peripheral, and autonomic - correct answer Three subsystems of the nervous system Red blood cells - correct answer Carry oxygen to the cells Pancreas - correct answer Regulates level of blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down starches, fats and proteins Arteries - correct answer Carry oxygenated blood to the body, away from the heart Ligaments - correct answer Connect bones to bones Motor and sensory - correct answer Two nerve types of the peripheral nervous system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra - correct answer parts of the urinary system Pharynx - correct answer Two channeled body through which air enters/exits the body Levels of Consciousness (From the highest to the lowest level) - correct answer - Alert

  • Verbal
  • Pain
  • Unresponsive Signs vs. Symptoms - correct answer - Sign - something that can be seen
  • Symptom - a feeling people other than the patient cannot see/feel it
    • A headache is a symptom Symptoms of Shock - correct answer Identified by victim
  • Sense of "Impending Doom"
  • Weakness
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Coolness
  • Restlessness/anxiety Signs of Shock - correct answer Identified by caller (other than victim)
  • Pale/cool/moist skin
  • Shallow/rapid breathing -Lackluster/dilated eyes -Decreasing consciousness
  • Fluid loss

Signs - correct answer Characteristics described by callers about patients Moist skin; shallow breathing; dilated pupils; decreasing consciousness - correct answer Signs of shock Hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, and anaphylactic - correct answer Types of shock Anxiety, cyanosis, rapid breathing, labored appearance, sweaty, noisy respirations - correct answer Signs of respiratory distress Symptoms - correct answer Characteristics described by patients about themselves Clotting - correct answer Process by which platelets break down and block holes where blood is escaping Shock - correct answer Inadequate tissue perfusion; aka "silent killer" Neurogenic shock - correct answer Relaxation of blood vessels, allowing blood to pool below the level of the injury "Impending doom", weakness, nausea coolness - correct answer Symptoms of shock Alert, verbal, pain, and unresponsive - correct answer Four levels of consciousness Four Primary EMD Responsibilities in Call Taking - correct answer 1. Maintaining contact with the caller

  1. Dispatching the appropriate units (All calls get BLS)
  2. Must keep the caller calm and maintain control of the conversation
  3. Must determine if emergency care instructions are required Four Interpersonal Qualities you Should Display During Every Call - correct answer - Be polite
  • Be calm and reassuring
  • Be firm
  • Be clear, concise, and use accurate speech Conducting the Initial Assessment - correct answer - Where? - Get the address of the emergency first
  • Get the callback number
  • What? - Find out what the chief complaint is and the nature of the problem
  • How? - Cause of injury
  • Who? - Identification of patient When? - get information about how long ago the incident happened Calming Techniques and the Hysteria Threshold - correct answer - The hysteria threshold is defined as the caller's emotional state that prevents them from being focused in the interrogation process
  • The most effective way to break through the hysteria threshold is through the use of "repetitive persistence" -"Repetitive persistence is a command or request from the EMD to the caller, accompanied by a reason for the request. The request or the reason is repeated verbatim until the request or action is carried out by the caller"
  • Other ways to control the hysteria threshold are by using the medically approved interrogation protocols found in your EMDPRS (Emergency Medical Dispatch Protocol Reference System) and using your professional dispatch skills Special Problems - correct answer - Simultaneous emergencies
  • Confusing information
  • Insufficient information
  • Hysterical/ distraught callers
  • Trauma cases
  • Dead on Arrival (DOA)
  • English as a Second Language Objectives in Resource Allocation - correct answer 1. Obtain the proper information
  • These configurations are based on a resource, its capabilities and personnel and on the time factors needed for the medical complaint Four Response Configurations - correct answer 1. BLS Cold
  1. BLS Hot
  2. ALS Hot
  3. Full Response Principles of Successful Resource Allocation - correct answer 1. Knowledge of the status of all your resources at all times
  4. Sending the closest unit(s) that will meet the need
  5. Sending the appropriate resources to meet the need
  6. Understanding the influence of proximity and response time on the outcome
  7. Determining how easy it is to reach the victim before sending out units
  8. Knowing the availability of first responders, other agencies, and multiple units for quick responses as the situation requires it
  9. Having backups for resources that are "out of service"
  10. Determining need based on clinical/medical criteria found in your EMDPRS
  11. Using EMDPRS recommendations to determine response configuration and mode Role of the EMD in Providing Telephone Instructions - correct answer You are a critical link in patient survival. This is so, because:
  12. You are the first medical contact that a caller has
  13. You are in the best position to determine the needs of the patients and provide appropriate instructions
  14. You are able to initiate telephone CPR There are a few things you may need to do to best provide telephone medical instructions. Many of these require preparation before they are actually needed. To be at your best when giving medical instruction, you need to: - correct answer 1. Refine communication skills
  15. Familiarize yourself with cardiac arrest as a medical emergency
  16. Practice giving the medically approved scripted instructions
  1. Practice overcoming the hysteria threshold and using "repetitive persistence"
  2. Deliver instructions in a calm and reassuring manner Helpful Housekeeping Hints - correct answer 1. Keep the EMDPRS close at hand
  3. Follow the protocols "word for word"
  4. If you get a call from another agency, get the phone number of the residence and CALL BACK Descriptions of Three Protocol Types - correct answer 1. The Initial Survey/All-Caller Interrogation Protocol
  • Used to conduct initial questioning of caller
  • Asked of every caller
  • Location and chief complaint data
  1. The Individual "Chief Complaint" Protocol
  • Used to get information regarding type/severity of medical emergency
  • Used to verify information gathered during all-caller interrogation
  1. Information Found in Each of the 32 Chief Complaint Protocols
  • Key questions and dispatch priorities
  • Inquire of caller
  • Pre-arrival instructions
  • Useful information
  1. The "Scripted Medical Protocol"
  • Has four major groupings plus 1 new section called "Protocol"
  • Protocol section gives telephone instructions in script format that EMD reads to callers
  • May contain additional information used to motivate callers, etc. Individual Chief Complaints - correct answer - Based on acute or chronic biological illness
  • Proper responses based on...
    • Chief complaint

Drowning/diving/water related, Electrocution, Childbirth/pregnancy, Unconscious/unresponsive/syncope/fainting