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LABORATORY REPORT
Series Resistance
Submitted by:
Bagorio, Kristian Josh
Submitted to:
Dr. Rosalinda Rivera- Picaso
ABSTRACT
The physical construction of a series configuration circuit in a proto board was build according to the rules of series connectivity. The total resistance of a series circuit was measured first using digital multi meter, DMM. The measured values were later compared with the calculated total resistance, which was found by the principal of Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law. At the end, the percent of difference was determined to be between 0.022% and 0.11%for two and three resistors connected in series configuration.
INTRODUCTION
According to circuit topology, two or more elements are connected in series if they exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same current. Due to it, an equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series is found by the fundamental circuit laws, Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s law. As it is stated in Ohm’s law, where the current through the conductor between points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points:
I = V/R(1)
and Kirchhoff’s voltage law, KVL, where the sum of all voltages is zero volts, then is found that the equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the sum of the individual resistance:
Req= R1+ R2+ R3 + ... RN(2)
where Nis the total number of resistors connected in series configuration. In this experiment, we determine, by measurements and calculations, the equivalent resistance of different resistors connected in series. The percent of difference between the measured and calculated, using equation 1 and 2, is also states with the following:
Procedures
Post to our lab experiment, we calculated the total resistance for part 1, two resistors in series, and part 2, three resistors in series, using equation 2. Calculated results were recorded in Table 4.1.
For the first part of the experiment, two series resistors, we took a 220 Ω and 100 Ω resistor and a proto board from our lab components kit. We measured the value of each resistor, using a digital multi meter, and recorded our measurements in our lab manual. Later, we connected both resistors in series configuration in our proto board, and connected one terminal of the 220 Ω and one terminal of the 100 Ω with the positive and negative lead of the digital multi meter, respectively. We measured the total resistance and recorded our measurement in Table 4.1. After it, we obtained the leads for the power supply from the lab technician. We set the power supply to 8 V, and connected the positive lead with one terminal of the 220 Ω resistor, and the negative lead with the other terminal of the 100 Ω resistor. After it, we set our digital multi meter to measure the current, so we swapped the positive lead of the multi meter to current input, and set it to measure milli-amperes. We then connected the positive lead of the multi meter in series with the circuit, the positive lead of the multi meter to the positive terminal of the power supply, and the negative lead of the multi meter to one terminal of the 220 Ω resistor. We measured the current as 25.1 mA. On a sheet of paper, we calculated the total resistance using Ohm’s law, equation 1, and the percent of difference, using equation 3, between the measured total resistance, 318.8 Ω, and the calculated total resistance using equation 1, 319 Ω, and equation 2, 318.7 Ω. All calculations were recorded in Table 4.
For the second part of our experiment, we obtained a 330 Ω from our components kit, measured the resistance value as 325 Ω, and connected it in series with our previous series circuit. We then measured the total resistance using a digital multi meter and recorded our measurements in Table
QUESTIONS
- For a circuit with a constant resistance, what happens to the current as the voltage increases?
If there is a constant resistance in the circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and will increase as the voltage increases.
- (^) For a circuit with a constant resistance, what kind of relationship (e.g., inverse, linear) does the current have to the voltage?
For a circuit with a constant resistance, current will have a directly proportional and hence linear relationship with voltage. This can be proven by looking at Ohm’s law V=I×R and also by looking at the graphs of this experiment.
CONCLUSION
We can conclude from our results in part 1 and 2 that the total resistance is directly proportional to the voltage source and inversely proportional to current source, equation 1. Also, in a series resistors circuit, since all resistors share the same current flow, and by applying the principles of Kirchhoff’s law, the total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of its individual resistance, equation 2. At the end, the percent of difference between the calculated value and measured value is found to be between 0.022% and 0.11%. This indicates that the founding of the total resistance by experiment is almost equal to the calculated value, using different approach theories of resistance in series resistors configuration.
Reference
Campbell, N.A., & J.B. Reece. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Fly Francisco.
Budavari, S., et al. 1989. The Merck Index. Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ.
Biology Department. 2000. Taste Reception in Flies. Biology 101 Laboratory Manual, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY.
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Dethier, V.G. 1976. The Hungry Fly. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
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FIELD REPORT
Building Community
Capacity
Submitted by:
Badiola, Zeska
Submitted to:
Dr. Rosalinda Rivera- Picaso
