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LATEST SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY
PRAXIS EXAM WITH DETAILED SOLUTIONS
Acoustic Immitance - ANSWER_Transfer of acoustic energy through the middle ear; resistance is impedance and admittance is a measure of amount of energy that flows through the system; tympanometry is the procedure used to measure Statistical Regression to the Mean - ANSWER_Behavior that goes from an extreme high or low point to average; example of treating voice hoarseness after overusing or misusing their voice i.e. football game Supraglottic Swallow - ANSWER_Technique for dysphagia that includes having the patient take a deep breath, hold the breath, swallow, cough on exhalation, swallow again before breathing, and then breathe again Demands and Capacities Model - ANSWER_Model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter Integral Practice - ANSWER_Treatment approach to use simultaneous practice to bring to consciousness the look and sound of the target speech output Phonetic Derivation - ANSWER_A shaping technique that focused on orofacial and articulatory postures with specific instructions about how to change current speech and non-speech movements to achieve the target sounds Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) - ANSWER_Known as intravenous feeding, is a method of getting nutrition into the body through the veins Dynamic Assessment - ANSWER_Test-teach-retest format to assess how quickly or well material presented can be learned
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Nonparametric - ANSWER_When baseline data are arranged in rank order instead of raw scores, the study's statistics Hawthorne Effect - ANSWER_A type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed Dysphagia Lusoria (or Bayford-Autenrieth dysphagia) - ANSWER_Abnormal condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing caused by aberrant right subclavian artery Odynophagia - ANSWER_Painful swallowing, in the oropharynx or esophagus Code-switching - ANSWER_The use of more than one language in discourse Transfer - ANSWER_The influence of one language on another Spoonerism - ANSWER_An error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase Dactylology - ANSWER_The use of the fingers and hands to communicate and convey ideas, as in the manual alphabet used by hearing-impaired and speechimpaired people Tachylalia or tachylogia - ANSWER_is extremely rapid speech
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Semantics - ANSWER_Study of meaning in language; antonyms, synonyms, multiple meanings, humor, figurative language Posterior Cricoarytenoids – ANSWER Abducts the vocal folds Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve – ANSWER Branch of the Vagus nerve, innervates VFs Levator Veli Palatini – ANSWER Elevates the velum Fluency Reinforcement Method – ANSWER Stuttering treatment for young children; slower rate of speech and reinforcement Direct Stuttering Reduction Method – ANSWER Time-out - stop talking for five seconds when a dysfluency occurs Response cost - tokens are give for fluent speech and taken away for dysfluencies Cerebral Dominance Theory – ANSWER Lack of unilateral dominance is the cause for stuttering Delayed Auditory Feedback and Adaptation – ANSWER Two treatment approaches that do not increase fluency in neurogenic stuttering Suprahyoid muscles that elevate the hyoid bone – ANSWER Digastrics, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus Total Lung Capacity – ANSWER Total volume of air in the lungs
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Tidal Volume – ANSWER Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal cycle Vital Capacity – ANSWER Volume of air the person can exhale after a maximal inhalation Tensor Veli Palatini – ANSWER Tenses the velum and opens the Eustachian Tube. This muscle is innervated by the Trigeminal nerve. Midbrain – ANSWER Part of the Brainstem. Connects the brainstem and the cerebellum at the Substantia Nigra. Medulla - ANSWER_Motor command pathway from cerebrum. Site of decussation. Location of cranial nerve nuclei for CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII. Posterior Cricoarytenoids – ANSWER Abducts the vocal folds Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve – ANSWER Branch of the Vagus nerve, innervates VFs Levator Veli Palatini – ANSWER Elevates the velum Tensor Veli Palatini – ANSWER Tenses the velum and opens the Eustachian Tube. This muscle is innervated by the Trigeminal nerve. Midbrain – ANSWER Part of the Brainstem. Connects the brainstem and the cerebellum at the Substantia Nigra.
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Anterior Faucial Pillars - ANSWER_Glossopalatine; where swallowing reflex is triggered Posterior Faucial Pillars - ANSWER_Pharyngopalatine Masseter and Internal Pterygoid - ANSWER_Important muscles for chewing and rotary movement Articulation Disorders for Cleft Palate - ANSWER_Due to inadequate velopharyngeal closure; Hypernasality Nasal Emission Backing Substitution of glottal and pharyngeal stops Substitution of pharyngeal fricatives for normal fricatives Ependyma (glial) Cells - ANSWER_Produce cerebrospinal fluid Three Lobes of Cerebellum - ANSWER_Anterior - proprioception; regulation of muscle tone and skilled voluntary movement Posterior - fine motor coordination Flocculi - balance Compression and Rarefaction - ANSWER_Two Parts of Sound Wave
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Meniere's Disease - ANSWER_Occurs in the cochlea due to increase of endolymph in the scala media; symptoms include: vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, recruitment, and feeling of fullness in the ear Athetoid Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER_Slow, writhing, involuntary movements Recurrence - ANSWER_Semantic relation expressed by single-word or two-word utterances; an event happens again; or an object replaces another example: More cookie or Another doggie Nonexistence - ANSWER_Semantic relation expressed by single-word utterances; child expects an action or object to be present when it is not; example: All gone juice or No doggy Sheehan - ANSWER_Believed stuttering indicates a social role conflict Direct Stuttering Reduction Technique - ANSWER_Reduce stuttering directly without teaching specific fluency skills or modifying stuttering into less abnormal forms. Uses Time-out and Response cost - giving/taking tokens for fluent/dysfluent speech Cover-body Theory of Phonation - ANSWER_The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the Thyroarytenoid muscle Cul-de-sac Resonance - ANSWER_Produced by the backward retraction of the tongue; typically seen in profoundly hearing impaired or neurologically impaired people
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Random reinforcement - ANSWER_Use when training a recently acquired behavior to become habituated Duration of the preceding vowel - ANSWER_The most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab" Child with multiple speech-production errors - ANSWER_Delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs Child Study Team - ANSWER_A multidisciplinary group of professionals typically employed by the board of education to provide parents and teachers with a variety of learning related services. Distinctive feature - minimal word pairs - ANSWER_Linguistic approaches to the treatment of sound-production errors in children are based on the notion that the errors are systematic and rule-based and that the goal of treatment is to modify a child's rule system to approximate the rule system used by adults Trismis - ANSWER_Spasm of the jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed; symptom from radiation for head and neck cancer Soft Palate Obturator - ANSWER_Indicated for palatopharyngeal insufficiency; cleft palate; indicated for congenital or acquired absence of palatopharyngeal anatomy Soft Palate Lift - ANSWER_Indicated for palatopharyngeal incompetence; flaccid dysarthria; indicated for hypomobility or paralysis of intact anatomy that is normally responsible for effecting palatopharyngeal closure
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Discrete Trial Teaching - ANSWER_1. Breaking skills down into component parts
- Teaching each skill component until mastery is attained
- Intensive teaching sessions
- Using prompts as needed and fading prompts as appropriate
- Using reinforcement strategies to increase skills Sialorrea - ANSWER_Excessive drooling Thrombus - ANSWER_Stationary bloodclot Embolus - ANSWER_Moving bloodclot Frequency range of human hearing - ANSWER_20-20,000 Hz Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER_3rd frontal convolution; Agnosia - ANSWER_Disorder of recognition; auditory, visual, tactile, and facial recognition Operant Conditioning - ANSWER_Learning behavior is controlled by consequences; reinforcement and punishment affects learning Cachexia - ANSWER_Weakness and wasting of the body due to chronic illness Spastic Dysarthria - ANSWER_Due to bilateral damage of the upper motor neuron tracts of the pyramidal and extra- pyramidal tracts (has an effect on both
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
C)
With sensorineural hearing loss, air conduction is heard longer than bone conduction in affected ear, but less than 2:1 ratio Weber Test - ANSWER_A vibrating tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder. A normal test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides. In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. In an affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear. However, the aforegoing presumes one knows in advance which ear is defective and which is normal and the testing is being done to characterize the type, conductive or sensorineural, of hearing loss that is occurring. Inductive Method - ANSWER_In the scientific method, it is the experiment- firstand-explain-later approach. Transcortical Motor Aphasia - ANSWER_Characterized by non-fluent speech, paraphasias, intact auditory comprehension, remarkable ability to repeat Damage to the Superior Laryngeal Nerve - ANSWER_Inability to cough or clear throat intentionally, gurgly voice First grammatical morpheme used by a child - ANSWER_-ing Epinthesis - ANSWER_Addition of the schwa sound
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Metathesis - ANSWER_Switching sound syllables, example is pasketi for spaghetti Noise Induced Hearing Loss - ANSWER_Audiogram indicates a significant notch on audiogram at 4,000 Hz for both air and bone conduction Number of genes identified to cause stuttering - ANSWER_ Abducens - ANSWER_Cranial nerve VI, Motor, Eye movement Facial - ANSWER_Cranial nerve VII, Both, Tongue (Sensory) Face (Motor) Acoustic or Vestibulocochlear - ANSWER_Cranial nerve VIII, Sensory, Hearing and Balance Glossopharyngeal - ANSWER_Cranial nerve IX, Both, Tongue and Pharynx (sensory), Pharynx (motor) Vagus - ANSWER_Cranial nerve X, Both, Larynx, respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems Spinal Accessory - ANSWER_Cranial nerve XI, Motor, Shoulder, arm and throat movement Hypoglossal - ANSWER_Cranial nerve XII, Motor, Tongue movement Internal Intercostals - ANSWER_Muscles of exhalation; 11 pairs; pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation External
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Genioglossus - ANSWER_Major tongue muscle Lingual Frenulum - ANSWER_Where the tongue attaches to the mandible Four muscles of Velopharyngeal Closure - ANSWER_Levator Veli Palatini - elevates soft palate Tensor Veli Palatini - tenses soft palate Palatoglossus - soft palate depression Palatopharyngeus - helps propel the bolus Aryepiglottic Folds - ANSWER_Ring of connective tissue above the larynx that helps protect the airway Orbicularis Oris - ANSWER_Primary Muscles of the Lips Anterior Cerebral Artery - ANSWER_Artery that supplies the Basal Ganglia and Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum - ANSWER_Commisural fibers that join the two cerebral hemispheres Hypokinetic Dysarthria - ANSWER_Characterized by a rush of rapid speech. This is the type of dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease Mucosal Wave - ANSWER_The medial-lateral excursion of the vocal fold cover during vibration Bernoulli Effect - ANSWER_Increased speed of air through the vocal folds creating a sucking effect moving the vocal folds together
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Bones that form the hard palate - ANSWER_Maxillae and palatine bones Orofacial Apraxia - ANSWER_Impaired nonverbal movements of the tongue, lips and jaw Flaccid Dysarthria - ANSWER_Caused by cranial nerve damage; lesion in the LMN; hypernasality a common characteristic; lack of innervation may cause fasciculations, especially in the tongue; breathy or strangles sounding speech depending if the VF abductors or adductors are affected Spastic Dysarthria - ANSWER_Characterized by imprecise articulation, monotonous pitch and loudness, and harsh vocal quality; Lesion in the UMN; phonation and prosody of speech disordered Reliability - ANSWER_Consistency or repeatability of a measurement or test Tympanogram Type C - ANSWER_Tympanogram indicates Eustachian Tube dysfunction Last 2 phonological processes to develop - ANSWER_Stopping of interdental fricatives and gliding of liquids Coarticulation - ANSWER_Influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception. Two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds Two properties that affect sound transmission - ANSWER_Mass and Elasticity
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
irregular past tense posessive s articles past tense -ed regular third-person s irregular third person unconcractible auxiliary contractible copula contractible auxiliary Indicates semantic and syntactic complexity Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development - ANSWER_Sensorimotor 0-2 - 6 substages from birth to two Pre-operational 2-7 - 2 substages preconceptual (2-4) and intuitive (4-7) Concrete operations 7-11 Formal operations 11+ Indirect Speech Acts - ANSWER_Pragmatic skill used to convey politeness; typically developed by age 6 Expansion - ANSWER_Clinician expands telegraphic speech into a more grammatically complete utterance. Simple addition of verb or action. Extension - ANSWER_Clinician comments on child's utterance and adds new relevant information of semantic and grammatical information. More complex addition of verb, adjectives, pronouns, action.
(ACTUAL) 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Type Token Ratio - ANSWER_Number of different words/Total Number of Words; typical TTR is .5 for a 3-6 year old SCERTS Model - ANSWER_Social Communication Emotional Regulation Transactional Support Visual support Environmental arrangement Communication style arrangements Morphology - ANSWER_Study of word structure; describes how words are formed out of more basic elements of language Allomorph - ANSWER_Same meaning but different sound; example boxes (z) cats (s) Fluent Stuttering Treatment - ANSWER_Developed by VanRiper Identify Desensitize Modify reduce avoidance cancellations - pause and say again more relaxed pull- outs - change stutter mid-course preparatory sets - changing manner of stutter to a less abnormal dysfluency Johnson's Theory of Stuttering - ANSWER_Parents punish their children for normal dysfluencies and the child develops avoidance and apprehension
